THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERCEIVED LEADERSHIP STYLES OF DEPARTMENT HEADS TO JOB SATISFACTION AND JOB PERFORMANCE OF FACULTY MEMBERS
Keywords:
Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Job Satisfaction, Job Performance, Effective Leadership
Abstract
This study aims at examining the relationship among faculty members’ perceptions of their department head’s leadership styles and faculty job satisfaction and job performance. Working within a quantitative research paradigm, the data were collected from 207 faculty members of a sizeable public-sector university of Pakistan, through a questionnaire survey method. The descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted through SPSS version-20. This study determined that the frequent practice of transformational leadership style by the department heads could positively influence faculty job satisfaction and job performance. Where as,the transactional and laissez-fair leadership styles practiced by the department heads could varyingly influence faculty job satisfaction and job performance. Primarily, this study offers empirical evidence pertinent to understand the nexus between perceived leadership styles/approaches of department heads and faculty job satisfaction and job performance in an academic setting. The significance of this research is embedded in examining the transformational leadership theory in the context of the higher education.
References
Al-Husseini, S. & Elbeltagi, I. (2014). Transformational leadership and
innovation: a comparison study between Iraq’s public and private
higher education. Studies in Higher Education. Retrieved from:
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03075079.2014.927848.
Al-Omari, A. (2008). The relationship between leadership styles of
Hashemite University department chairs and job satisfaction as
reported by department faculty members, University of Sharjah
Journal of Humanities, and Social Sciences,5 (2), 101-124.
Amin, M., Shah, S. & Tatlah, A. (2013). The impact of principal/directors’
leadership styles on job satisfaction: perceptions of the faculty
members’ in a public university in Punjab, Pakistan, Journal of
Research, and Reflections in Education, 7 (2), 97-112.
Armstrong, M. (2009). Armstrong’s Handbook of Human Resource
Management Practice, London: Kogan Page.
Asaari, M.H. (2012). Academic leadership and work-related attitude
(unpublished doctoral thesis), University of Hull, United Kingdom.
Avolio, B.J. (2011). Full Range Leadership Development, Thousand Oaks.
CA, Sage Publications Inc.
Avolio, B.J., Bass, B.M. & Jung, D.I. (1999). Re-examining the
components of transformational and transactional leadership
using the Multifactor Leadership, Journal of Occupational and
Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441-462.
Bass, B. M. & Riggio, R.E. (2006). Transformational Leadership.
Mahwah, NJ. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B.J. (2004), Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire:
Manual and Sample Set. Menlo Park. Mind Garden Inc.
Bass, B.M., Avolio, B.J., Jung, D.I. & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit
performance by assessing transformational and transactional
leadership, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (2), 207-218.
Bass, B.M. (1985), Leadership& performance beyond expectations, New
York: The Free Press Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S. & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational
leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: a multilevel
mediation model of trust, The Leadership Quarterly, 24 (1), 270-283.
Bryman, A. & Lilley, S. (2009). Leadership researchers on leadership in
higher education, Leadership, 5 (3), 331-346.
Bryman, A. (2007). Effective leadership in higher education: a literature
review, Studies in Higher Education, 32 (6), 693-710.
Burns, J.M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and Row Publications.
Camps, J. & Rodríguez, H. (2011). Transformational leadership, learning,
& employability: effects on performance among faculty
members, Personnel Review, 40 (4), 423-442.
Cater-Steel, A., Hine, M.J. & Grant, G. (2010). Embedding IT service
management in the academic curriculum: a cross-national
comparison, Journal of Global Information Technology
Management, 13 (4), 64-92.
DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale Development: Theory and Application,California: Sage.
Fernandez, S. (2008). Examining the effects of leadership behavior on
employee perceptions of performance and job satisfaction, Public
Performance, and Management Review, 32 (2), 175-205.
Fullwood, R., Rowley, J. & Delbridge, R. (2013). Knowledge sharing
amongst academics in UK universities, Journal of Knowledge
Management, 17(1), 123-136.
Gill, R. (2011). Theory and Practice of Leadership, London: Sage.
Grosso, F.A. (2008). Motivating faculty through transformational leadership:
A study of the relationship between presidential leadership
behaviors and faculty behaviors (unpublished doctoral thesis), The
Catholic University of America, USA.
Hardré, P.L., Beesley, A.D., Miller, R.L. & Pace, T.M. (2011). Faculty
motivation to do research: across disciplines in researchextensive
universities, Journal of the Professoriate, 5 (1), 35-69.
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. & Snyderman, B.B. (1959). The Motivation to
Work, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Higher Education Commission Pakistan. (2015). HEC Universities or
Degree-Awarding Institutes. Retrieved May 4, 2015,
www.hec.gov.pk/insidehec/divisions/qali/others/pages/statisticalinformationunit.aspx
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours,
Institutions and Organisations across Nations, London: Sage.
Hollander, E.L. & Saltmarsh, J. (2000). The engaged university, Academe,86 (4), 29-32.
Joseph, E.E. & Winston, B.E. (2005). A correlation of servant leadership,
leader trust, and organizational trust, Leadership& Organization
Development Journal, 26 (1), 6-22.
Jung, D.D., Wu, A. & Chow, C. W. (2008). Towards understanding the
direct and indirect effects of CEOs’ transformational leadership
on firm innovation, The Leadership Quarterly, 19 (5), 582-594.
Kessler, S.R. (2007). The effects of organizational structure on faculty job
performance, job satisfaction, and counterproductive work
behavior (unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of South Florida, USA.
Key, S. & Key, S. (2000). The effect of culture on management style: a
comparison of US and Indonesian managers, Journal of
Transnational Management Development, 5(3), 23-46.
Khalifa, B. & Ayoubi, R. M. (2015). Leadership styles at Syrian higher
education, International Journal of Educational Management, 29 (4), 477-491.
Kirkbride, P. (2006). Developing transformational leaders: the full range
leadership model in action, Industrial and Commercial Training, 38 (1), 23-32.
Kreitner, R. & Kinicki, A. (2013). Organizational Behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Krejcie, R.V. & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for
research activities, Educational Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Locke, E.A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction, In M.D,
Dunnette, Handbook of Industrial, and Organisational Psychology,
Chicago, Rand McNally College Publishing, 1319-1328.
Mamiseishvili, K. & Rosser, V.J. (2010). Examining the relationship
between faculty productivity and job satisfaction, Journal of the
Professoriate, 5(2), 100-132.
Ministry of Finance. (2015). Pakistan Economic Survey 2014-2015.
Finance Division, Government of Pakistan.
Mohrman, A., Cooke, R.S., Mohrman, S.A., Duncan, R.B. & Zaltman, G.
(1977). An Assessment of a Structural Task Approach to
Organisational Development in a School System, Washington
DC: National Institute of Education.
Mushtaq, S. & Akhtar, M.A. (2014). Study to investigate the effect of
demographic variables on leadership styles used by department
heads in universities, Journal of Quality, and Technology
Management, 10(1), 17-33.
Nguni, S., Sleegers, P. & Denessen, E. (2006). Transformational and
transactional leadership effects on teachers’ job satisfaction,
organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship
behavior in primary schools: the Tanzanian case, School
Effectiveness, and School Improvement, 17 (2),145-177.
Northouse, P.G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data
Analysis using IBM SPSS. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill.
Pihie, Z.A.L., Sadeghi, A. & Elias, H. (2011). Analysis of head of
departments’ leadership styles: implication for improving
research university management practices, Procedia-Social and
Behavioural Sciences, 29, 1081-1090.
Quacquarelli Symonds. (2015), QS World University Rankings 2014/15.
Retrieved May 9, 2015, from: www.topuniversities.com/
university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2014.
Rahman, M.S., Ferdausy, S. & Bhattacharjee, S. (2014). Assessing the
relationships among transformational leadership, transactional
leadership, job performance, and gender: an empirical study,
ABAC Journal, 34 (3), 71-91.
Shah, S.J. (2010). Re??thinking educational leadership: exploring the
impact of cultural and belief systems, International Journal of
Leadership in Education, 13 (1), 27-44.
Simkins, T. (2005). Leadership in education ‘what works’ or ‘what makes
sense’? Educational Management Administration and
Leadership, 33 (1), 9-26.
Smeenk, S., Teelken, C., Eisinga, R. & Doorewaard, H. (2008). An
international comparison of the effects of HRM practices and
organizational commitment on quality of job performances
among European university employees, Higher Education Policy,
21 (3), 323-344.
Smothers, J., Absher, K., & White, D. (2012). In the eye of the beholder:
a configurational analysis of followers’ conceptualizations of the
ideal academic department leader at private universities,
Leadership, 8(4), 397-419.
Stumpf, M.N. (2003). The relationship of perceived leadership styles of
North Carolina county extension directors to job satisfaction of
county extension professionals (unpublished doctoral thesis),
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA.
Sukirno, D. & Siengthai, S. (2011). Does participative decision-making
affect lecturer performance in higher education? International
Journal of Educational Management, 25(5), 494-508.
Viswesvaran, C. (2001). Assessment of individual job performance: a
review of the past century and a look ahead, In N. Anderson,
D.S., Ones, H.K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaram, Handbook of
industrial, work, and organizational psychology, London: Sage.Winkler, I. (2009). Contemporary Leadership Theories, Dordrecht: Springer.
Wong, C.A. & Laschinger, H.K (2013). Authentic leadership, performance,
and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment, Journal
of Advanced Nursing, 69 (4), 947-959.
Woods, T.J. (2007). Motivating faculty through transactional and
transformational leadership strategies, Journal of Leadership
Studies, 1 (2), 64-73.
Yukl, G.A. (2013). Leadership in Organizations, London: Pearson.
innovation: a comparison study between Iraq’s public and private
higher education. Studies in Higher Education. Retrieved from:
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03075079.2014.927848.
Al-Omari, A. (2008). The relationship between leadership styles of
Hashemite University department chairs and job satisfaction as
reported by department faculty members, University of Sharjah
Journal of Humanities, and Social Sciences,5 (2), 101-124.
Amin, M., Shah, S. & Tatlah, A. (2013). The impact of principal/directors’
leadership styles on job satisfaction: perceptions of the faculty
members’ in a public university in Punjab, Pakistan, Journal of
Research, and Reflections in Education, 7 (2), 97-112.
Armstrong, M. (2009). Armstrong’s Handbook of Human Resource
Management Practice, London: Kogan Page.
Asaari, M.H. (2012). Academic leadership and work-related attitude
(unpublished doctoral thesis), University of Hull, United Kingdom.
Avolio, B.J. (2011). Full Range Leadership Development, Thousand Oaks.
CA, Sage Publications Inc.
Avolio, B.J., Bass, B.M. & Jung, D.I. (1999). Re-examining the
components of transformational and transactional leadership
using the Multifactor Leadership, Journal of Occupational and
Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441-462.
Bass, B. M. & Riggio, R.E. (2006). Transformational Leadership.
Mahwah, NJ. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bass, B. M. & Avolio, B.J. (2004), Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire:
Manual and Sample Set. Menlo Park. Mind Garden Inc.
Bass, B.M., Avolio, B.J., Jung, D.I. & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit
performance by assessing transformational and transactional
leadership, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (2), 207-218.
Bass, B.M. (1985), Leadership& performance beyond expectations, New
York: The Free Press Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S. & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational
leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: a multilevel
mediation model of trust, The Leadership Quarterly, 24 (1), 270-283.
Bryman, A. & Lilley, S. (2009). Leadership researchers on leadership in
higher education, Leadership, 5 (3), 331-346.
Bryman, A. (2007). Effective leadership in higher education: a literature
review, Studies in Higher Education, 32 (6), 693-710.
Burns, J.M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and Row Publications.
Camps, J. & Rodríguez, H. (2011). Transformational leadership, learning,
& employability: effects on performance among faculty
members, Personnel Review, 40 (4), 423-442.
Cater-Steel, A., Hine, M.J. & Grant, G. (2010). Embedding IT service
management in the academic curriculum: a cross-national
comparison, Journal of Global Information Technology
Management, 13 (4), 64-92.
DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale Development: Theory and Application,California: Sage.
Fernandez, S. (2008). Examining the effects of leadership behavior on
employee perceptions of performance and job satisfaction, Public
Performance, and Management Review, 32 (2), 175-205.
Fullwood, R., Rowley, J. & Delbridge, R. (2013). Knowledge sharing
amongst academics in UK universities, Journal of Knowledge
Management, 17(1), 123-136.
Gill, R. (2011). Theory and Practice of Leadership, London: Sage.
Grosso, F.A. (2008). Motivating faculty through transformational leadership:
A study of the relationship between presidential leadership
behaviors and faculty behaviors (unpublished doctoral thesis), The
Catholic University of America, USA.
Hardré, P.L., Beesley, A.D., Miller, R.L. & Pace, T.M. (2011). Faculty
motivation to do research: across disciplines in researchextensive
universities, Journal of the Professoriate, 5 (1), 35-69.
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. & Snyderman, B.B. (1959). The Motivation to
Work, New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Higher Education Commission Pakistan. (2015). HEC Universities or
Degree-Awarding Institutes. Retrieved May 4, 2015,
www.hec.gov.pk/insidehec/divisions/qali/others/pages/statisticalinformationunit.aspx
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviours,
Institutions and Organisations across Nations, London: Sage.
Hollander, E.L. & Saltmarsh, J. (2000). The engaged university, Academe,86 (4), 29-32.
Joseph, E.E. & Winston, B.E. (2005). A correlation of servant leadership,
leader trust, and organizational trust, Leadership& Organization
Development Journal, 26 (1), 6-22.
Jung, D.D., Wu, A. & Chow, C. W. (2008). Towards understanding the
direct and indirect effects of CEOs’ transformational leadership
on firm innovation, The Leadership Quarterly, 19 (5), 582-594.
Kessler, S.R. (2007). The effects of organizational structure on faculty job
performance, job satisfaction, and counterproductive work
behavior (unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of South Florida, USA.
Key, S. & Key, S. (2000). The effect of culture on management style: a
comparison of US and Indonesian managers, Journal of
Transnational Management Development, 5(3), 23-46.
Khalifa, B. & Ayoubi, R. M. (2015). Leadership styles at Syrian higher
education, International Journal of Educational Management, 29 (4), 477-491.
Kirkbride, P. (2006). Developing transformational leaders: the full range
leadership model in action, Industrial and Commercial Training, 38 (1), 23-32.
Kreitner, R. & Kinicki, A. (2013). Organizational Behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Krejcie, R.V. & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for
research activities, Educational Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Locke, E.A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction, In M.D,
Dunnette, Handbook of Industrial, and Organisational Psychology,
Chicago, Rand McNally College Publishing, 1319-1328.
Mamiseishvili, K. & Rosser, V.J. (2010). Examining the relationship
between faculty productivity and job satisfaction, Journal of the
Professoriate, 5(2), 100-132.
Ministry of Finance. (2015). Pakistan Economic Survey 2014-2015.
Finance Division, Government of Pakistan.
Mohrman, A., Cooke, R.S., Mohrman, S.A., Duncan, R.B. & Zaltman, G.
(1977). An Assessment of a Structural Task Approach to
Organisational Development in a School System, Washington
DC: National Institute of Education.
Mushtaq, S. & Akhtar, M.A. (2014). Study to investigate the effect of
demographic variables on leadership styles used by department
heads in universities, Journal of Quality, and Technology
Management, 10(1), 17-33.
Nguni, S., Sleegers, P. & Denessen, E. (2006). Transformational and
transactional leadership effects on teachers’ job satisfaction,
organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship
behavior in primary schools: the Tanzanian case, School
Effectiveness, and School Improvement, 17 (2),145-177.
Northouse, P.G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data
Analysis using IBM SPSS. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill.
Pihie, Z.A.L., Sadeghi, A. & Elias, H. (2011). Analysis of head of
departments’ leadership styles: implication for improving
research university management practices, Procedia-Social and
Behavioural Sciences, 29, 1081-1090.
Quacquarelli Symonds. (2015), QS World University Rankings 2014/15.
Retrieved May 9, 2015, from: www.topuniversities.com/
university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2014.
Rahman, M.S., Ferdausy, S. & Bhattacharjee, S. (2014). Assessing the
relationships among transformational leadership, transactional
leadership, job performance, and gender: an empirical study,
ABAC Journal, 34 (3), 71-91.
Shah, S.J. (2010). Re??thinking educational leadership: exploring the
impact of cultural and belief systems, International Journal of
Leadership in Education, 13 (1), 27-44.
Simkins, T. (2005). Leadership in education ‘what works’ or ‘what makes
sense’? Educational Management Administration and
Leadership, 33 (1), 9-26.
Smeenk, S., Teelken, C., Eisinga, R. & Doorewaard, H. (2008). An
international comparison of the effects of HRM practices and
organizational commitment on quality of job performances
among European university employees, Higher Education Policy,
21 (3), 323-344.
Smothers, J., Absher, K., & White, D. (2012). In the eye of the beholder:
a configurational analysis of followers’ conceptualizations of the
ideal academic department leader at private universities,
Leadership, 8(4), 397-419.
Stumpf, M.N. (2003). The relationship of perceived leadership styles of
North Carolina county extension directors to job satisfaction of
county extension professionals (unpublished doctoral thesis),
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA.
Sukirno, D. & Siengthai, S. (2011). Does participative decision-making
affect lecturer performance in higher education? International
Journal of Educational Management, 25(5), 494-508.
Viswesvaran, C. (2001). Assessment of individual job performance: a
review of the past century and a look ahead, In N. Anderson,
D.S., Ones, H.K. Sinangil, & C. Viswesvaram, Handbook of
industrial, work, and organizational psychology, London: Sage.Winkler, I. (2009). Contemporary Leadership Theories, Dordrecht: Springer.
Wong, C.A. & Laschinger, H.K (2013). Authentic leadership, performance,
and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment, Journal
of Advanced Nursing, 69 (4), 947-959.
Woods, T.J. (2007). Motivating faculty through transactional and
transformational leadership strategies, Journal of Leadership
Studies, 1 (2), 64-73.
Yukl, G.A. (2013). Leadership in Organizations, London: Pearson.
Published
2017-12-15
How to Cite
Shah, D. S., Shah, D. A., & Pathan, D. S. (2017). THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERCEIVED LEADERSHIP STYLES OF DEPARTMENT HEADS TO JOB SATISFACTION AND JOB PERFORMANCE OF FACULTY MEMBERS. Journal of Business Strategies, 11(2), 35-56. Retrieved from http://greenwichjournals.com/index.php/businessstudies/article/view/376
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