DOES PROCEDURAL JUSTICE LEADS TOWARDS THE FEELINGS OF COMPLIANCE, AND COOPERATION WITH, AND EMPOWERMENT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES IN PAKISTAN: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF MORAL SOLIDARITY BETWEEN POLICE AND COMMUNITY
Keywords:
Moral Solidarity, Procedural Justice, Orientation towards Policing, Mediation Analysis, PLS-SEMAbstract
This paper aims to identify why or why not the police get support and cooperation from the public. Relational models of authority argue that people measure the degree at which the police consider the moral values of groups by examining the equity of the processes they utilize to practice their authority. Additionally, according to the approach of social identity, the cooperation of the people along with the dept. of police is encouraged in component by their decision that the police are archetypal representative of the moral values of the groups. Combining both approaches in a single theoretical framework, we applied Sunshine & Tyler’s(2003) model, on citizens’ feelings about Pakistani Law enforcement agencies (LEA). in this, we hypothesized that procedural justice aligned police and citizen moral values in form of moral solidarity. This moral solidarity in turn effect LEA’s effectiveness through increased cooperation from citizens as their feelings of Compliance and Cooperation with LEAs increased along with the people’s will to give power tothem. Practical cogency and was developed by carrying out a review and survey by using a close-ended questionnaire. For analysis Research Data was gathered from 296 citizens of Karachi and examined by utilizing CFA (confirmatory factor analysis) and SEM(structured equation modeling). The research has utilized a non-probability purposive sampling technique while data was analyzed employing PLS-SEM by utilizing the Smart PLS version 3.2.8. The findings of the research showed that moral solidarity has a positive significant effect on orientation towards policing, whereas the law of procedure has a major decisive effect on moral solidarity and orientation towards policing. Moreover, moral solidarity has a complementary mediating impact among the law of procedure and orientation towards policing. Findings also showed that moral solidarity alone as well as along with Orientation towards Policing seems to have a major and decisive mediation in the impact of justice, cooperation, and empowerment. Community policing encourages that, instead of the incident-oriented method that has continued to dominate in tandem with the professional model, the problem-solving attitude of police be embraced.
References
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Bradford, B. (2016). The dog that never quite barked: Social identity and the persistence of police legitimacy. Changing Contours of Criminal Justice, 29.
Bradford, B., & Creutzfeldt, N. (2018). Procedural justice in alternative dispute resolution: Fairness judgments among users of financial ombudsman services in germany and the united kingdom. Journal of European Consumer and Market Law, 7(5), 188-200.
Bradford, B., Murphy, K., & Jackson, J. (2014). Officers as mirrors:Policing, procedural justice and the (re) production of social identity. British Journal of Criminology, 54(4), 527-550.
Chin, W.W., Thatcher, J.B., Wright, R.T., & Steel, D. (2013). Controlling for common method variance in pls analysis: The measured latent marker variable approach New Perspectives in Partial Least Squares and Related Methods (231-239): Springer.
Clonan-Roy, K., Jacobs, C.E., & Nakkula, M.J. (2016). Towards a model of positive youth development specific to girls of color:Perspectives on development, resilience, and empowerment. Gender issues, 33(2), 96-121.
Dagger, R. (1997). Civic virtues: Rights, citizenship, and republican liberalism: Oxford University Press on Demand.
Durkheim, E. (1986). An introduction to four major works. Beverly Hills:CA: Sage Publications.
Farren, D., Hough, M., Murray, K., & McVie, S. (2018). Trust in the police and police legitimacy through the eyes of teenagers Minority Youth and Social integration (167-192): Springer.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388.
Franck, T.M. (1999). The empowered self: Law and society in the age of individualism: Oxford University Press Oxford.Gangl, A. (2003). Procedural justice theory and evaluations of the lawmaking process. Political Behavior, 25(2), 119-149.
Gasper, R., & Davies, A. (2018). Revisiting the potential of community empowerment within uk neighbourhood policing meetings. Policing and Society, 28(2), 223-241.
Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). Pls-sem: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
Haslam, S.A., Reicher, S.D., & Platow, M.J. (2010). The new psychology of leadership: identity, influence and power: Psychology Press.
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Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
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Hogg, M.A., & Terry, D.I. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121-140.
Hogg, M.A., Terry, D.J., & White, K.M. (1995). A tale of two theories: Acritical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory.Social Psychology Quarterly, 255-269.
Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Hough, M., Myhill, A., Quinton, P., & Tyler,T.R. (2012). Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions. British Journal of Criminology, 52(6), 1051-1071.
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Kochel, T.R. (2018). Applying police legitimacy, cooperation, and collective security hypotheses to explain collective efficacy and violence across neighbourhoods. international Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 42(4), 253-272.
Kochel, T.R., Parks, R., & Mastrofski, S.D. (2013). Examining police effectiveness as a precursor to legitimacy and cooperation with police. Justice Quarterly, 30(5), 895-925.
Lind, E., & Tyler, T. (1988). Critical issues in social justice. The social psychology of procedural justice. New York, NY, US: Plenum Press. http://dx. doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2115-4.
Lipponen, J., Wisse, B., & Perala, J. (2011). Perceived justice and group identification. Journal of Personnel Psychology.
Maxwell, C.D., Moore, A.M., Fontaine, J., & Smith, J. (2019). Status influences on perceptions of procedural justice: A test of the group value model among intimate partner violence arrestees. international Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 1-17.
Murphy, K., Cramer, R.J., Waymire, K.A., & Barkworth, J. (2018). Police bias, social identity, and minority groups: A social psychological understanding of cooperation with police. Justice Quarterly,35(6), 1105-1130.
Murphy, K., Sargeant, E., & Cherney, A. (2015). The importance of procedural justice and police performance in shaping intentionsto cooperate with the police: Does social identity matter?European Journal of Criminology, 12(6), 719-738.
Murray, K., McVie, S., Farren, D., Herlitz, L., Hough, M., & Norris, P.(2020). Procedural justice, compliance with the law and police stop-and-search: A study of young people in England and Scotland. Policing and Society, 1-20.
Nalla, M.K., Meško, G., & Modic, M. (2018). Assessing police–community relationships: Is there a gap in perceptions between police officers and residents? Policing and Society, 28(3), 271-290.
Nivette, A.E., & Akoensi, T.D. (2019). Determinants of satisfaction with police in a developing country: A randomised vignette study.Policing and Society, 29(4), 471-487.Oakes, P.J. (1987). The salience of social categories. Rediscovering the social group: A Self-Categorization Theory, 117-141.
Oakes, P.J., Turner, J.C., & Haslam, S.A. (1991). Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorizations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30(2), 125-144.
Ottu, I.F., & Okurame, D.E. (2016). Influence of social identity, justice perceptions and moral solidarity on citizen’s cooperation against terrorism in nigeria. international Journal of Social Sciences,10(4).
Pehrson, S., Devaney, L., Bryan, D., & Blaylock, D.L. (2017). Beyond group engagement: Multiple pathways from encounters with the police to cooperation and compliance in northern ireland. PloSone, 12(9).
Posch, K. (2020). Prying open the black box of causality: A causal mediation analysis test of procedural justice policing. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 1-29.
Radburn, M., Stott, C., Bradford, B., & Robinson, M. (2018). When is policing fair? Groups, identity and judgements of the procedural justice of coercive crowd policing. Policing and Society, 28(6),647-664.
Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. (2012). A critical look at the use of pls-sem in mis quarterly. Roberts, J.W. (2018). The perception of community oriented policing from a law enforcement organization’s perspective. Segrave, M., & Ratcliffe, J. (2017). Community policing: A descriptiveoverview.
Shrout, P.E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and non experimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological methods, 7(4), 422.
Siddiqi, M.U.A., Butt, K.M., & Afzaal, M. (2014). Politicized policing in Pakistan: A constructivist study of problems of policing in Lahore.
Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T.R. (2003). Moral solidarity, identification with the community, and the importance of procedural justice: The police as prototypical representatives of a group’s moral values. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66(2), 153.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of social conflict.The social psychology of intergroup relations, 2, 33-47.
Tajfel, H., & Wilkes, A.L. (1963). Classification and quantitative judgement. British Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 101-114.
Tajfel, H.E. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations: Academic Press.
Trepte, S., & Loy, L.S. (2017). Social identity theory and self categorization theory. The international Encyclopedia of Media Effects, 1-13.
Triantafillou, P., & Nielsen, M.R. (2001). Policing empowerment: The making of capable subjects. History of the Human Sciences,14(2), 63-86.
Turner, J.C., Hogg, M.A., Oakes, P.J., Reicher, S.D., & Wetherell, M.S.(1987). Rediscovering the social group: A Self-categorization Theory: Basil Blackwell.
Turner, J.C., & Reynolds, K.J. (2011). Self-categorization theory. Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology, 2(1), 399-417.
Tyler, T.R. (1990). Why people obey the law: Procedural justice. Legitimacy, and Compliance.
Tyler, T.R. (1994). Psychological models of the justice motive:Antecedents of distributive and procedural justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(5), 850.
Tyler, T.R. (1997). Procedural fairness and compliance with the law. Revue Suisse D Economie Politique et de Statistique, 133, 219-240.
Tyler, T.R. (2004). Enhancing police legitimacy. The annals of the American academy of political and social science, 593(1), 84-99.
Tyler, T.R. (2006). Restorative justice and procedural justice: Dealing with rule breaking. Journal of Social issues, 62(2), 307-326.
Tyler, T.R., & Blader, S.L. (2000). Cooperation in groups: Procedural justice, social identity, and behavioral engagement: Psychology Press.
Tyler, T.R., & Blader, S.L. (2003). The group engagement model:Procedural justice, social identity, and cooperative behavior.Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7(4), 349-361.
Tyler, T.R., Goff, P.A., & MacCoun, R.J. (2015). The impact of psychological science on policing in the united states: Procedural justice, legitimacy, and effective law enforcement. Psychological science in the public interest, 16(3), 75-109.
Tyler, T.R., & Huo, Y. (2002). Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts: Russell Sage Foundation.
Tyler, T.R., & Lind, E.A. (1990). Intrinsic versus community-based justice models: When does group membership matter? Journal of Social issues, 46(1), 83-94.
Ullah, F., Hussain, S., Alam, H., & Akhunzada, Z.U. (2016). Factors influencing police image in public (a study of university students perception in KPK Pakistan). Pakistan Journal of Criminology,8(3), 134.
Ullah, F., & Ibrar, M. (2019). Effectiveness of police public services mechanism in crime reduction in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 11(1).
Waddington, P.A., Williams, K., Wright, M., & Newburn, T. (2015).Dissension in public evaluations of the police. Policing and Society, 25(2), 212-235.
Wang, X. (2013). Empowering the frontline police officers to cope with police social service role strain in china. international Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 3, 20-45.
Westland, J.C. (2010). Lower bounds on sample size in structural equation modeling. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,9(6), 476-487.
Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J.G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering baron andkenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206.
Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
Blader, S.L., & Tyler, T.R. (2009). Testing and extending the group engagement model: Linkages between social identity, procedural justice, economic outcomes, and extra role behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 445.
Bradford, B. (2016). The dog that never quite barked: Social identity and the persistence of police legitimacy. Changing Contours of Criminal Justice, 29.
Bradford, B., & Creutzfeldt, N. (2018). Procedural justice in alternative dispute resolution: Fairness judgments among users of financial ombudsman services in germany and the united kingdom. Journal of European Consumer and Market Law, 7(5), 188-200.
Bradford, B., Murphy, K., & Jackson, J. (2014). Officers as mirrors:Policing, procedural justice and the (re) production of social identity. British Journal of Criminology, 54(4), 527-550.
Chin, W.W., Thatcher, J.B., Wright, R.T., & Steel, D. (2013). Controlling for common method variance in pls analysis: The measured latent marker variable approach New Perspectives in Partial Least Squares and Related Methods (231-239): Springer.
Clonan-Roy, K., Jacobs, C.E., & Nakkula, M.J. (2016). Towards a model of positive youth development specific to girls of color:Perspectives on development, resilience, and empowerment. Gender issues, 33(2), 96-121.
Dagger, R. (1997). Civic virtues: Rights, citizenship, and republican liberalism: Oxford University Press on Demand.
Durkheim, E. (1986). An introduction to four major works. Beverly Hills:CA: Sage Publications.
Farren, D., Hough, M., Murray, K., & McVie, S. (2018). Trust in the police and police legitimacy through the eyes of teenagers Minority Youth and Social integration (167-192): Springer.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388.
Franck, T.M. (1999). The empowered self: Law and society in the age of individualism: Oxford University Press Oxford.Gangl, A. (2003). Procedural justice theory and evaluations of the lawmaking process. Political Behavior, 25(2), 119-149.
Gasper, R., & Davies, A. (2018). Revisiting the potential of community empowerment within uk neighbourhood policing meetings. Policing and Society, 28(2), 223-241.
Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). Pls-sem: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
Haslam, S.A., Reicher, S.D., & Platow, M.J. (2010). The new psychology of leadership: identity, influence and power: Psychology Press.
Hayes, A.F. (2013). Methodology in the social sciences. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach: Guilford Press New York, NY.
Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P.A. (2016). Using pls path modeling in new technology research: Updated guidelines. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116(1), 2-20.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.
Hogg, M.A. (2001). A social identity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5(3), 184-200.
Hogg, M.A., & Terry, D.I. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 121-140.
Hogg, M.A., Terry, D.J., & White, K.M. (1995). A tale of two theories: Acritical comparison of identity theory with social identity theory.Social Psychology Quarterly, 255-269.
Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Hough, M., Myhill, A., Quinton, P., & Tyler,T.R. (2012). Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions. British Journal of Criminology, 52(6), 1051-1071.
Jackson, J., & Gau, J.M. (2016). Carving up concepts? Differentiating between trust and legitimacy in public attitudes towards legal authority. interdisciplinary Perspectives on Trust (49-69):Springer.
Kochel, T.R. (2018). Applying police legitimacy, cooperation, and collective security hypotheses to explain collective efficacy and violence across neighbourhoods. international Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 42(4), 253-272.
Kochel, T.R., Parks, R., & Mastrofski, S.D. (2013). Examining police effectiveness as a precursor to legitimacy and cooperation with police. Justice Quarterly, 30(5), 895-925.
Lind, E., & Tyler, T. (1988). Critical issues in social justice. The social psychology of procedural justice. New York, NY, US: Plenum Press. http://dx. doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2115-4.
Lipponen, J., Wisse, B., & Perala, J. (2011). Perceived justice and group identification. Journal of Personnel Psychology.
Maxwell, C.D., Moore, A.M., Fontaine, J., & Smith, J. (2019). Status influences on perceptions of procedural justice: A test of the group value model among intimate partner violence arrestees. international Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 1-17.
Murphy, K., Cramer, R.J., Waymire, K.A., & Barkworth, J. (2018). Police bias, social identity, and minority groups: A social psychological understanding of cooperation with police. Justice Quarterly,35(6), 1105-1130.
Murphy, K., Sargeant, E., & Cherney, A. (2015). The importance of procedural justice and police performance in shaping intentionsto cooperate with the police: Does social identity matter?European Journal of Criminology, 12(6), 719-738.
Murray, K., McVie, S., Farren, D., Herlitz, L., Hough, M., & Norris, P.(2020). Procedural justice, compliance with the law and police stop-and-search: A study of young people in England and Scotland. Policing and Society, 1-20.
Nalla, M.K., Meško, G., & Modic, M. (2018). Assessing police–community relationships: Is there a gap in perceptions between police officers and residents? Policing and Society, 28(3), 271-290.
Nivette, A.E., & Akoensi, T.D. (2019). Determinants of satisfaction with police in a developing country: A randomised vignette study.Policing and Society, 29(4), 471-487.Oakes, P.J. (1987). The salience of social categories. Rediscovering the social group: A Self-Categorization Theory, 117-141.
Oakes, P.J., Turner, J.C., & Haslam, S.A. (1991). Perceiving people as group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorizations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30(2), 125-144.
Ottu, I.F., & Okurame, D.E. (2016). Influence of social identity, justice perceptions and moral solidarity on citizen’s cooperation against terrorism in nigeria. international Journal of Social Sciences,10(4).
Pehrson, S., Devaney, L., Bryan, D., & Blaylock, D.L. (2017). Beyond group engagement: Multiple pathways from encounters with the police to cooperation and compliance in northern ireland. PloSone, 12(9).
Posch, K. (2020). Prying open the black box of causality: A causal mediation analysis test of procedural justice policing. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 1-29.
Radburn, M., Stott, C., Bradford, B., & Robinson, M. (2018). When is policing fair? Groups, identity and judgements of the procedural justice of coercive crowd policing. Policing and Society, 28(6),647-664.
Ringle, C.M., Sarstedt, M., & Straub, D. (2012). A critical look at the use of pls-sem in mis quarterly. Roberts, J.W. (2018). The perception of community oriented policing from a law enforcement organization’s perspective. Segrave, M., & Ratcliffe, J. (2017). Community policing: A descriptiveoverview.
Shrout, P.E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and non experimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological methods, 7(4), 422.
Siddiqi, M.U.A., Butt, K.M., & Afzaal, M. (2014). Politicized policing in Pakistan: A constructivist study of problems of policing in Lahore.
Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T.R. (2003). Moral solidarity, identification with the community, and the importance of procedural justice: The police as prototypical representatives of a group’s moral values. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66(2), 153.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of social conflict.The social psychology of intergroup relations, 2, 33-47.
Tajfel, H., & Wilkes, A.L. (1963). Classification and quantitative judgement. British Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 101-114.
Tajfel, H.E. (1978). Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations: Academic Press.
Trepte, S., & Loy, L.S. (2017). Social identity theory and self categorization theory. The international Encyclopedia of Media Effects, 1-13.
Triantafillou, P., & Nielsen, M.R. (2001). Policing empowerment: The making of capable subjects. History of the Human Sciences,14(2), 63-86.
Turner, J.C., Hogg, M.A., Oakes, P.J., Reicher, S.D., & Wetherell, M.S.(1987). Rediscovering the social group: A Self-categorization Theory: Basil Blackwell.
Turner, J.C., & Reynolds, K.J. (2011). Self-categorization theory. Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology, 2(1), 399-417.
Tyler, T.R. (1990). Why people obey the law: Procedural justice. Legitimacy, and Compliance.
Tyler, T.R. (1994). Psychological models of the justice motive:Antecedents of distributive and procedural justice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(5), 850.
Tyler, T.R. (1997). Procedural fairness and compliance with the law. Revue Suisse D Economie Politique et de Statistique, 133, 219-240.
Tyler, T.R. (2004). Enhancing police legitimacy. The annals of the American academy of political and social science, 593(1), 84-99.
Tyler, T.R. (2006). Restorative justice and procedural justice: Dealing with rule breaking. Journal of Social issues, 62(2), 307-326.
Tyler, T.R., & Blader, S.L. (2000). Cooperation in groups: Procedural justice, social identity, and behavioral engagement: Psychology Press.
Tyler, T.R., & Blader, S.L. (2003). The group engagement model:Procedural justice, social identity, and cooperative behavior.Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7(4), 349-361.
Tyler, T.R., Goff, P.A., & MacCoun, R.J. (2015). The impact of psychological science on policing in the united states: Procedural justice, legitimacy, and effective law enforcement. Psychological science in the public interest, 16(3), 75-109.
Tyler, T.R., & Huo, Y. (2002). Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts: Russell Sage Foundation.
Tyler, T.R., & Lind, E.A. (1990). Intrinsic versus community-based justice models: When does group membership matter? Journal of Social issues, 46(1), 83-94.
Ullah, F., Hussain, S., Alam, H., & Akhunzada, Z.U. (2016). Factors influencing police image in public (a study of university students perception in KPK Pakistan). Pakistan Journal of Criminology,8(3), 134.
Ullah, F., & Ibrar, M. (2019). Effectiveness of police public services mechanism in crime reduction in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 11(1).
Waddington, P.A., Williams, K., Wright, M., & Newburn, T. (2015).Dissension in public evaluations of the police. Policing and Society, 25(2), 212-235.
Wang, X. (2013). Empowering the frontline police officers to cope with police social service role strain in china. international Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 3, 20-45.
Westland, J.C. (2010). Lower bounds on sample size in structural equation modeling. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,9(6), 476-487.
Zhao, X., Lynch Jr, J.G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering baron andkenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206.
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2020-06-01
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Khan, S. F., & Siddiqui, D. D. A. (2020). DOES PROCEDURAL JUSTICE LEADS TOWARDS THE FEELINGS OF COMPLIANCE, AND COOPERATION WITH, AND EMPOWERMENT OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES IN PAKISTAN: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF MORAL SOLIDARITY BETWEEN POLICE AND COMMUNITY. Journal of Business Strategies, 14(1), 163–190. Retrieved from https://greenwichjournals.com/index.php/businessstudies/article/view/421
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