MANAGING CHANGE WITH AN INTERVENTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT
Keywords:
Change Management, Psychological Contract, Quantitative StudyAbstract
Organizations assess their feasibility to manage change by weighing their response and outcome, whereby humans seem most important. This study engaged two hundred and ninety-two mid-level professionals with a working experience of either public or private organizations of information and Communication Technologies in Pakistan. it is revealed that the association of psychological contract and its fulfillment towards change management and willingness to change is quite posturing a positive impact. The study has concluded that the psychological contract is a complete subject line of commitments and promises, whereby the response of employees during changing time depends on their personality, situation and structure of change process. Significantly, change rehearsal is obligatory to the organization. Moreover, the extent of fulfillment by both parties is a facilitating footstep towards bringing effective change in an organization, and at all, the intervention of psychological contract assists in directing the individual learning for change adaptation and organizational learning for change implementation.
References
Anderson, N., & Schalk, R. (1998). The psychological contract in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 637-647.
Arain, G. A., Hameed, I., & Farooq, O. (2012). Integrating Workplace Affect With Psychological Contract Breach and Employees’ Attitudes. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 31(06), 50-62.
Armenakis, A. A., & Bedeian, A. G. (1999). Organizational Change: A Review of Theory and Research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25(03), 293-315.
Aselage, J., & Eisenberger, R. (2003). Perceived organizational support and psychological contracts: a theoretical integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 491-509.
Bankins, S. (2015. A process perspective on psychological contract change: Making sense of, and repairing, psychological contract breach and violation through employee coping actions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(08), 1071–1095.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238 - 246.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodnessof- Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(03), 588 - 606.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bullock, R. J., & Batten, D. (1985). It’s just a phase we’re going through: a review and synthesis of OD phase analysis. Group & Organization Management, 10(04), 383-412.
Cameron, E., & Green, M. (2009). Organizational Change. In E. Cameron, & M. Green, Making Sense of Change Management 2nd ed., (97- 138). London and Philadelphia: Kogan Page Limited.
Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M., & Conwey, N. (2006). Exchange Relationships:Examining Psychological Contracts and Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(04), 774-781.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951, September). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. Psychometrika, 16(03), 297-334.
Cummings, S., Bridgman, T., & Brown, K. G. (2015). Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin’s legacy for change management. Human Relations, 01-29.
Dunphy, D., & Stace, D. (1993). The Strategic Management of Corporate Change. Human Relations, 46(08), 905-920.
Fedor, D. B., Caldwell, S. D., & Herold, D. M. (2006, Febraury). The effects of organizational changes on employee commitment: A multi-level investigation. Personnel Psychology, 59(01), 1-29.
Freese, C., & Schalk, R. (1997). Tilburgse Psychologisch Contract Vragenlijst [Tilburg Psychological Contract Questionnaire]. Tilburg: Tilburg University.
Freese, C., & Schalk, R. (2008). How to measure the psychological contract? A critical criteria-based review of measures. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(02), 269-286.
Freese, C., Schalk, R., & Croon, M. (2007). The impact of organizational changes on psychological contracts. Personnel Review, 40(04), 404 - 422.
Galpin, T. J. (1996). The Change Management Process. In T. J. Galpin, The human side of change: A practical guide to organization redesign (pp. 1-16). San Francisco, California, USA: Jossey-Bass Publishers: Wiley.
Griep, Y., & Vantilborgh, T. (2018, January). Let’s get cynical about this! Recursive relationships between psychological contract breach and counterproductive work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(2), 421-429. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12201.
Guest, D. E. (1998). Is the psychological contract worth taking seriously? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 649-664.
Guest, D. E. (2004). The Psychology of the Employment Relationship: An Analysis Based on the Psychological Contract. Applied psychology: an international review, 53(4), 541–555.
Guest, D. E., & Conway, N. (2002). Communicating the Psychological Contract: An Employer Perspective. Human Resource Management Journal, 12(02), 22-38.
Hair, J. F., Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings (05 ed.). USA: Pearson.
Hall, D. T., & Moss, J. E. (1998). The New Protean Career Contract: Helping Organizations and Employees Adapt. Organizational Dynamics, 26(03), 22 - 37.
Härenstam, A., Rydbeck, A., Johansson, K., Karlqvist, M., & Wiklund, P. (2002). Work Life and Organizational Changes and How They are Perceived by the Employees. In K. Isaksson, C. Hogstedt, C. Eriksson, & T. Theorell, Health Effects of the New Labour Market (105-117). Springer Link.
Hart, P. M. (1994, June). Teacher quality of work life: Integrating work experiences, psychological distress and morale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67(2), 109 - 132.
Herriot, P., Manning, W. G., & Kidd, J. M. (1997, June). The Content of the Psychological Contract. British Journal of Management, 08(02), 151–162.
Hiatt, J. M., & Creasey, T. J. (2012). Change Concepts. In J. M. Hiatt, & T. J. Creasey, Change Management - The People Side of Change (13-49). Prosci Learning Center Publications.
Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for Organizational Change: The Systematic Development of a Scale. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43, 232-255.
Hyder, S., Syed, S., & Memon, S. B. (2019). Individual Level Generational Differences in the Development of Psychological Contract: the Case of Pakistan. Journal of Business Strategies,13(01), 19 – 44. doi:10.29270/Jbs.2019.13.1
Judge, T. A., & Hulin, C. L. (1993, December). Job Satisfaction as a Reflection of Disposition: A Multiple Source Causal Analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56(03), 388 - 421.
Judson, A. S. (1991). Changing Behavior in Organizations: Minimizing Resistance to Change. In A. S. Judson, Changing Behavior in Organizations: Minimizing Resistance to Change. Business: Blackwell.
Kanter, R. M., Stein, B. A., & Jick, T. D. (2003). The “Big Three” Model of Change. In R. M. Kanter, B. A. Stein, & T. D. Jick, Challenge of Organizational Change: How Companies Experience it And Leaders Guide it (pp. 03-17). The Free Press.
Ketzer, S. (2012). Why championing change? A research on the antecedents of transformational leadership behavior in the context of organizational change. (Master Thesis), The Netherlands: University of Twente, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences.
Klein, A., & Moosbrugger, H. (2000). Maximum likelihood estimation of latent interaction effects with the LMS method. Psychometrika, 65(04), 457 - 474.
Kotter. (1973). The Psychological Contract: Managing the joining-up process. California Management Review, 15(3), 91-99.
Kramer, E. L. (2007). Using Lewin’s model of change as a basis for organizational change. Tilburg University. Tilburg University.
Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in Group Dynamics: Channels of Group Life; Social Planning and Action Research. Human Relations, 01(02), 143-153.
Liao, C., Wayne, S. J., & Rousseau, D. M. (2016, February). Idiosyncratic deals in contemporary organizations: A qualitative and metaanalytical review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(S1), S9 - S29. doi:10.1002/job.1959.
Luecke, R. (2003). Seven Steps to Change. In R. Luecke, Managing Change and Transition (31-50). Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
Luna-Arocas, R., & Camps, J. (2007). A model of high performance work practices and turnover intentions. Personnel Review, 37(01), 26 - 46.
Maguire, H. (2003). The changing psychological contract: challenges and implications for HRM, organisations and employees. Human resource management: challenges and future directions, 87-103.
Massingham, P. (2013). The Relationship Between Contextual Factors, Psychological Contract, and Change Outcomes. Strategic Change (Special issue: New Entrepreneurial Models), 157 - 173.
Metselaar, E. E. (1997). An overview of research on resistance to change.In E. E. Metselaar, Assessing the willingness to change (19-36).Amsterdam: Free University.
Moore, T. (2014). The impact of Psychological Contract Fulfillment on Employee Engagement in the Millennial Generation: The Moderating Effects of Generational Affiliation. Georgia State University, Business Administration. Georgia: Georgia State University.
Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. W. (1989). Learning, Perception and Attribution. In G. Moorhead, & R. W. Griffin, Organizational Behavior (Second ed.). Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. W. (1989). Organizational Change. In G.Moorhead, & R. W. Griffin, Organizational Behavior (Seconded., 701-726). Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Nery-Kjerfve, T., & Wang, J. (2019). Transfer from expatriate to local contracts: a multiple case study of an unexpected career transition. Human Resource Development international, 22(03),235 - 256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2019.1570776.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pate, J., Martin, G., & Staines, H. (2000). Exploring the relationship between psychological contracts and organizational change: a process model and case study evidence. Strategic Change, 09(08), 481 - 493.
Pedhazur, E. J., & Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An integrated Approach (Student Edition ed.). New York/London, USA/UK: Taylor and Francis.
Roberts, M. L., & Wortzel, L. H. (1979). New Life-Style Determinants of Women’s Food Shopping Behavior. Journal of Marketing, 43(03), 28-39.
Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (2000). The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(05), 525-546.
Rose, K. (1969). Individual Change (Change Curve). In E. Cameron, & M. Green, Making Sense of Change Management Second ed., (32-35). London and Philadelphia: Kogan Page.
Rothwell, W. J., & Sullivan, R. L. (2005). Models for Change. In W. J. Rothwell, & R. L. Sullivan, Practicing Organization Development, A Guide for Consultants Second ed., (69-79). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and Implied Contracts in Organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 02(02), 121–139.
Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contract in organizations. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Rousseau, D. M. (2000). Psychological Contract inventory: Technical Report. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Rousseau, D. M., & Tijoriwala, S. A. (1998). Assessing psychological contracts: issues, alternatives and measures alternatives and measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19 (Special Issue), 679 - 695.
Rousseau, D. M., Hansen, S. D., & Tomprou, M. (2018). A dynamic phase model of psychological contract processes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(9), 1081 - 1098. doi:https://doi.org/ 10.1002/job.2284.
Schalk, R., & Freese, C. (2002). The Impact of Organizational Changes on the Psychological Contract and Attitudes Towards Work in Four Health Care Organizations. In K. Isaksson, C. Hogstedt, C. Eriksson, & T. Theorell, Health Effects of the New Labour Market (129-143). Springer Link.
Schalk, R., & Soeters, J. (2008). Psychological Contracts around the Globe: Cultural Agreements and Disagreements. In P. B. Smith, M. F. Peterson, & D. C. Thomas, The Handbook of Cross- Cultural Management Research (pp. 117-135). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2013). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (06 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Senior, B., & Swailes, S. (2010). The Nature and Organizational Change. In B. Senior, & S. Swailes, Organizational Change (Fourth ed.,pp. 33-67). Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited.
Smissen, S. V., Schalk, R., & Freese, C. (2013). Contemporary psychological contracts: How both employer and employee are changing the employment relationship. Management Revue,24(04), 309 - 327.
Smollan, R. K. (2017). Supporting staff through stressful organizational change. Human Resource Development international, 20(04),282-304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13678868.2017.1288028.
Sparrow, P. R., & Cooper, C. L. (2003). New Generations: New Expectations and New Problems. In P. R. Sparrow, & C. L. Cooper, The Employment Relationship Key challenges for HR (44, 45, 59,). Butterworth-Heinemann, An imprint of Elsevier, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford.
Sparrow, P. R., & Cooper, C. L. (2003). The Psychological Contract. In P. R. Sparrow, & C. L. Cooper, The Employment Relationship Key challenges for HR (28-52). Butterworth-Heinemann, An imprint of Elsevier, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford.
Sutton, G., & Griffin, M. A. (2004). Integrating expectations, experiences, and psychological contract violations: A longitudinal study of new professionals. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(04), 493 - 514.
Turnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (1998). Psychological contract violations during corporate restructuring. Human Resource Management, 37(01), 71 - 83.
Turnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2000). Re-examining the effects of psychological contract violations: unmet expectations and job dissatisfaction as mediators. Journal of Organizational Behavior,25 - 42.
Zimmer, E. (2015). Resistance to change: The bumpy way of a German medium-sized enterprise in the industry of oil and natural gas during its process of corporate re-structuring and change. University of Twente; Technical University of Berlin.
Arain, G. A., Hameed, I., & Farooq, O. (2012). Integrating Workplace Affect With Psychological Contract Breach and Employees’ Attitudes. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 31(06), 50-62.
Armenakis, A. A., & Bedeian, A. G. (1999). Organizational Change: A Review of Theory and Research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25(03), 293-315.
Aselage, J., & Eisenberger, R. (2003). Perceived organizational support and psychological contracts: a theoretical integration. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 491-509.
Bankins, S. (2015. A process perspective on psychological contract change: Making sense of, and repairing, psychological contract breach and violation through employee coping actions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(08), 1071–1095.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative Fit Indexes in Structural Models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238 - 246.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance Tests and Goodnessof- Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(03), 588 - 606.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural Equations with Latent Variables. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bullock, R. J., & Batten, D. (1985). It’s just a phase we’re going through: a review and synthesis of OD phase analysis. Group & Organization Management, 10(04), 383-412.
Cameron, E., & Green, M. (2009). Organizational Change. In E. Cameron, & M. Green, Making Sense of Change Management 2nd ed., (97- 138). London and Philadelphia: Kogan Page Limited.
Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M., & Conwey, N. (2006). Exchange Relationships:Examining Psychological Contracts and Perceived Organizational Support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(04), 774-781.
Cronbach, L. J. (1951, September). Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests. Psychometrika, 16(03), 297-334.
Cummings, S., Bridgman, T., & Brown, K. G. (2015). Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin’s legacy for change management. Human Relations, 01-29.
Dunphy, D., & Stace, D. (1993). The Strategic Management of Corporate Change. Human Relations, 46(08), 905-920.
Fedor, D. B., Caldwell, S. D., & Herold, D. M. (2006, Febraury). The effects of organizational changes on employee commitment: A multi-level investigation. Personnel Psychology, 59(01), 1-29.
Freese, C., & Schalk, R. (1997). Tilburgse Psychologisch Contract Vragenlijst [Tilburg Psychological Contract Questionnaire]. Tilburg: Tilburg University.
Freese, C., & Schalk, R. (2008). How to measure the psychological contract? A critical criteria-based review of measures. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(02), 269-286.
Freese, C., Schalk, R., & Croon, M. (2007). The impact of organizational changes on psychological contracts. Personnel Review, 40(04), 404 - 422.
Galpin, T. J. (1996). The Change Management Process. In T. J. Galpin, The human side of change: A practical guide to organization redesign (pp. 1-16). San Francisco, California, USA: Jossey-Bass Publishers: Wiley.
Griep, Y., & Vantilborgh, T. (2018, January). Let’s get cynical about this! Recursive relationships between psychological contract breach and counterproductive work behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(2), 421-429. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12201.
Guest, D. E. (1998). Is the psychological contract worth taking seriously? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 649-664.
Guest, D. E. (2004). The Psychology of the Employment Relationship: An Analysis Based on the Psychological Contract. Applied psychology: an international review, 53(4), 541–555.
Guest, D. E., & Conway, N. (2002). Communicating the Psychological Contract: An Employer Perspective. Human Resource Management Journal, 12(02), 22-38.
Hair, J. F., Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings (05 ed.). USA: Pearson.
Hall, D. T., & Moss, J. E. (1998). The New Protean Career Contract: Helping Organizations and Employees Adapt. Organizational Dynamics, 26(03), 22 - 37.
Härenstam, A., Rydbeck, A., Johansson, K., Karlqvist, M., & Wiklund, P. (2002). Work Life and Organizational Changes and How They are Perceived by the Employees. In K. Isaksson, C. Hogstedt, C. Eriksson, & T. Theorell, Health Effects of the New Labour Market (105-117). Springer Link.
Hart, P. M. (1994, June). Teacher quality of work life: Integrating work experiences, psychological distress and morale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67(2), 109 - 132.
Herriot, P., Manning, W. G., & Kidd, J. M. (1997, June). The Content of the Psychological Contract. British Journal of Management, 08(02), 151–162.
Hiatt, J. M., & Creasey, T. J. (2012). Change Concepts. In J. M. Hiatt, & T. J. Creasey, Change Management - The People Side of Change (13-49). Prosci Learning Center Publications.
Holt, D. T., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Harris, S. G. (2007). Readiness for Organizational Change: The Systematic Development of a Scale. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43, 232-255.
Hyder, S., Syed, S., & Memon, S. B. (2019). Individual Level Generational Differences in the Development of Psychological Contract: the Case of Pakistan. Journal of Business Strategies,13(01), 19 – 44. doi:10.29270/Jbs.2019.13.1
Judge, T. A., & Hulin, C. L. (1993, December). Job Satisfaction as a Reflection of Disposition: A Multiple Source Causal Analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56(03), 388 - 421.
Judson, A. S. (1991). Changing Behavior in Organizations: Minimizing Resistance to Change. In A. S. Judson, Changing Behavior in Organizations: Minimizing Resistance to Change. Business: Blackwell.
Kanter, R. M., Stein, B. A., & Jick, T. D. (2003). The “Big Three” Model of Change. In R. M. Kanter, B. A. Stein, & T. D. Jick, Challenge of Organizational Change: How Companies Experience it And Leaders Guide it (pp. 03-17). The Free Press.
Ketzer, S. (2012). Why championing change? A research on the antecedents of transformational leadership behavior in the context of organizational change. (Master Thesis), The Netherlands: University of Twente, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences.
Klein, A., & Moosbrugger, H. (2000). Maximum likelihood estimation of latent interaction effects with the LMS method. Psychometrika, 65(04), 457 - 474.
Kotter. (1973). The Psychological Contract: Managing the joining-up process. California Management Review, 15(3), 91-99.
Kramer, E. L. (2007). Using Lewin’s model of change as a basis for organizational change. Tilburg University. Tilburg University.
Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in Group Dynamics: Channels of Group Life; Social Planning and Action Research. Human Relations, 01(02), 143-153.
Liao, C., Wayne, S. J., & Rousseau, D. M. (2016, February). Idiosyncratic deals in contemporary organizations: A qualitative and metaanalytical review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(S1), S9 - S29. doi:10.1002/job.1959.
Luecke, R. (2003). Seven Steps to Change. In R. Luecke, Managing Change and Transition (31-50). Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
Luna-Arocas, R., & Camps, J. (2007). A model of high performance work practices and turnover intentions. Personnel Review, 37(01), 26 - 46.
Maguire, H. (2003). The changing psychological contract: challenges and implications for HRM, organisations and employees. Human resource management: challenges and future directions, 87-103.
Massingham, P. (2013). The Relationship Between Contextual Factors, Psychological Contract, and Change Outcomes. Strategic Change (Special issue: New Entrepreneurial Models), 157 - 173.
Metselaar, E. E. (1997). An overview of research on resistance to change.In E. E. Metselaar, Assessing the willingness to change (19-36).Amsterdam: Free University.
Moore, T. (2014). The impact of Psychological Contract Fulfillment on Employee Engagement in the Millennial Generation: The Moderating Effects of Generational Affiliation. Georgia State University, Business Administration. Georgia: Georgia State University.
Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. W. (1989). Learning, Perception and Attribution. In G. Moorhead, & R. W. Griffin, Organizational Behavior (Second ed.). Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. W. (1989). Organizational Change. In G.Moorhead, & R. W. Griffin, Organizational Behavior (Seconded., 701-726). Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Nery-Kjerfve, T., & Wang, J. (2019). Transfer from expatriate to local contracts: a multiple case study of an unexpected career transition. Human Resource Development international, 22(03),235 - 256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2019.1570776.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pate, J., Martin, G., & Staines, H. (2000). Exploring the relationship between psychological contracts and organizational change: a process model and case study evidence. Strategic Change, 09(08), 481 - 493.
Pedhazur, E. J., & Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An integrated Approach (Student Edition ed.). New York/London, USA/UK: Taylor and Francis.
Roberts, M. L., & Wortzel, L. H. (1979). New Life-Style Determinants of Women’s Food Shopping Behavior. Journal of Marketing, 43(03), 28-39.
Robinson, S. L., & Morrison, E. W. (2000). The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(05), 525-546.
Rose, K. (1969). Individual Change (Change Curve). In E. Cameron, & M. Green, Making Sense of Change Management Second ed., (32-35). London and Philadelphia: Kogan Page.
Rothwell, W. J., & Sullivan, R. L. (2005). Models for Change. In W. J. Rothwell, & R. L. Sullivan, Practicing Organization Development, A Guide for Consultants Second ed., (69-79). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and Implied Contracts in Organizations. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 02(02), 121–139.
Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contract in organizations. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Rousseau, D. M. (2000). Psychological Contract inventory: Technical Report. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Rousseau, D. M., & Tijoriwala, S. A. (1998). Assessing psychological contracts: issues, alternatives and measures alternatives and measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19 (Special Issue), 679 - 695.
Rousseau, D. M., Hansen, S. D., & Tomprou, M. (2018). A dynamic phase model of psychological contract processes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(9), 1081 - 1098. doi:https://doi.org/ 10.1002/job.2284.
Schalk, R., & Freese, C. (2002). The Impact of Organizational Changes on the Psychological Contract and Attitudes Towards Work in Four Health Care Organizations. In K. Isaksson, C. Hogstedt, C. Eriksson, & T. Theorell, Health Effects of the New Labour Market (129-143). Springer Link.
Schalk, R., & Soeters, J. (2008). Psychological Contracts around the Globe: Cultural Agreements and Disagreements. In P. B. Smith, M. F. Peterson, & D. C. Thomas, The Handbook of Cross- Cultural Management Research (pp. 117-135). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2013). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (06 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Senior, B., & Swailes, S. (2010). The Nature and Organizational Change. In B. Senior, & S. Swailes, Organizational Change (Fourth ed.,pp. 33-67). Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited.
Smissen, S. V., Schalk, R., & Freese, C. (2013). Contemporary psychological contracts: How both employer and employee are changing the employment relationship. Management Revue,24(04), 309 - 327.
Smollan, R. K. (2017). Supporting staff through stressful organizational change. Human Resource Development international, 20(04),282-304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/ 13678868.2017.1288028.
Sparrow, P. R., & Cooper, C. L. (2003). New Generations: New Expectations and New Problems. In P. R. Sparrow, & C. L. Cooper, The Employment Relationship Key challenges for HR (44, 45, 59,). Butterworth-Heinemann, An imprint of Elsevier, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford.
Sparrow, P. R., & Cooper, C. L. (2003). The Psychological Contract. In P. R. Sparrow, & C. L. Cooper, The Employment Relationship Key challenges for HR (28-52). Butterworth-Heinemann, An imprint of Elsevier, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford.
Sutton, G., & Griffin, M. A. (2004). Integrating expectations, experiences, and psychological contract violations: A longitudinal study of new professionals. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(04), 493 - 514.
Turnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (1998). Psychological contract violations during corporate restructuring. Human Resource Management, 37(01), 71 - 83.
Turnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2000). Re-examining the effects of psychological contract violations: unmet expectations and job dissatisfaction as mediators. Journal of Organizational Behavior,25 - 42.
Zimmer, E. (2015). Resistance to change: The bumpy way of a German medium-sized enterprise in the industry of oil and natural gas during its process of corporate re-structuring and change. University of Twente; Technical University of Berlin.
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2020-06-01
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Hyder, S., Syed, S., & Memon, S. B. (2020). MANAGING CHANGE WITH AN INTERVENTION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT. Journal of Business Strategies, 14(1), 37–62. Retrieved from https://greenwichjournals.com/index.php/businessstudies/article/view/416
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