ROLE OF STUDIOS AND PRODUCTION HOUSES IN DOWN SWINGING PAKISTANI FILM INDUSTRY (1947 – 2017)
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to explore the Pakistani film industry, identify the challenges and factors that have led to a decline of the production houses and local studios. It explores the primary data collected from in- depth interviews with the professional participants of the Pakistani film industry for the use of a thematic analysis. The research methodology used for the purpose of the current study is qualitative in nature. The data is collected from 30 respondents. The interviews are then analyzed through thematic analysis. The study concluded that there are a few challenges that face the Pakistani film industry with respect to local studios and production houses. The lack of national support, controversies regarding item songs, the funding issues, and improper utilization of talent are the main challenges as faced by the Pakistani Cinema. The thematic analysis of the conducted interviews highlighted the main challenges that are faced by the film industry of Pakistan with a specific focus on local studios and production houses. Prospective filmmakers can seek guidance from the study on the entrance into the film industry which has specifically high barriers. Prospective filmmakers can also gain valuable insights on the technicalities, budgeting, casting, and production of films for a strategic box office film. This study takes an original approach as it presents the challenges faced by the Pakistani film industry from the perception of professionals in the sector and their guidance on how the industry could be revived by fixing the areas the key players often neglect.References
Ahmad, A. N. (2014). Film and cinephilia in Pakistan: Beyond life and death. BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies, 5(2), 81-98.
Arab News (2018) Retrieved from: https://www.arabnews.com/node/ 1292131/press-review
BBC News (2019) Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-47479747
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2022). Business research methods. Oxford university press.
Bilal, (2010). A. Filming Pakistan in Zero Budget.
Brannen, J. (2017). Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches: an overview. Mixing methods: Qualitative and quantitative research, 3-37.
Culture Trip (2019). Pakistani Cinema’s turbulent history. Retrieved from: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/pakistan/articles/lollywood- turbulent-history-of-pakistani- cinema/
CNN (2021) Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/05/06/media/ china-cinemas-propaganda-intl-hnk/index.html
Dawn., (2019). The Pakistan Film Industry and Cinema Culture. Retrieved from: https://www.dawn.com/news/591275
DW (2019) Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/en/whatever-happened-to- pakistans-film-industry/a-18681029
Dawn (2019) Retrieved from: https://www.dawn.com/news/1494676
Dawn (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.dawn.com/news/1628844/ government-creates-environment-cant-run-film-industry
Economist., (2018). The fall and rise of Pakistani film. Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/prospero/2018/04/25/the-fall- and-rise-of-pakistani-film
Express Tribune (2021) Retrieved from: https://tribune.com.pk/story/ 2291724/film-industry-a-soft-determinant-of-economic-growth
Emerge 85 (2018) Retrieved from: https://emerge85.io/Insights/rising-from-the-ashes-a-new-era-in-pakistani-cinema/
Edgar, T., & Kelly, K. (2007). Film school confidential: the insider’s guide to film schools. Penguin.
Evans, K., Stockley, S., Taylor, C., Brown, J., Rab, M., & Khan, S. (2014).
Mapping cultural and creative industries in Pakistan.
Gulf News (2018) Retrieved from: https://gulfnews.com/world/ asia/pakistan/power-to-pakistans-entertainment-industry- lollywood-1.1541940882356
Gul, I., & Sohail, J. (2018). Journey through lens: Pakistani cinema. Lok Virsa, National Institute of Folk & Traditional Heritage.
Z. 2018. What makes the revival of Pakistani Cinema an Uphill? Retrieved from: https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153991
Images Dawn (2021) Retrieved from: https://images.dawn.com/news/1186322
Images Dawn (2021) Retrieved from: https://images.dawn.com/news/1186789
IQNA (2021) Retrieved from: https://iqna.ir/en/news/3474868/stereotypes- of-muslims-in-hollywood-films-difficult-to-change-professor-of- film-studies
Images Dawn (2021) Retrieved from: https://images.dawn.com/news/1186322
Images Dawn (2021) Retrieved from: https://images.dawn.com/news/1186789
India Today (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/ celebrities/story/mahira-khan-opens-up-on-ban-on-pakistani- artistes-and-saying-no-to-indian-web-shows-1803412-2021-05-17
IQNA (2021) Retrieved from: https://iqna.ir/en/news/3474868/stereotypes- of-muslims-in-hollywood-films-difficult-to-change-professor-of- film-studies
Independent (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.independent.co.uk/arts- entertainment/films/news/chinese-cinema-communist-party- propaganda-hollywood-b1843571.html
Kellison, C., Morrow, D., & Morrow, K. (2013). Producing for TV and new media: a real- world approach for producers. Routledge.
Khan, A. W., Adnan, M., Hussain, S., & Tariq, M. (2015). Decline of film industry in Pakistan causes and future prospects. International Journal in IT & Engineering, 3(1), 1-22.
Khan, S. (2012). Soft power and Pakistani viewers. The Magic of Bollywood: At Home and Abroad.
Khan, M. M., & Mandokhail, M. A. The Broken Walls of Cinema: An Exploratory study of Cinema Halls in Quetta.
LA Times (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.latimes.com/entertainment- arts/movies/story/2020-10-30/trump-biden-election-movies- hollywood
Misbah. S., 2019. Retrieved from: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019- 08/07/c_138291203.html
Mohmand, M. I., & Naqvi, R. H. (2012). Pakistan’s Cultural Diplomacy with India.
Machin, D. (2013). What is multimodal critical discourse studies? Critical discourse studies, 10(4), 347-355.
Munir, I. (2011). Social movements, religion, democracy, and political communication in Pakistan.
Mahmood, I. (2013). Influence and importance of cinema on the lifestyle of educated youth: A study on university students of Bangladesh. IOSR journal of humanities and social science (IOSR- JHSS), 17(6), 77-80.
Masala (2020) Retrieved from: https://www.masala.com/bollywood-ban-in- pakistan-a-year-on-insiders-weigh-in-320356.html
Constitution Centre (2021) Retrieved from: https://constitutioncenter.org/ blog/the-day-the-supreme-court-killed-hollywoods-studio-system
New York Times (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/ 05/13/movies/democracy-dark-knight-wolf-wall-street.html
Op India (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.opindia.com/2021/06/aatish- taseer-claims-modi-govt-used-ssr-death-to-silence-bollywood
Samaa.T.V. (2020) Retrieved from: https://www.samaa.tv/entertainment/ 2020/03/the-rule-is-that-good-films-do-well-nadeem-baig/
Siddique, S. (2017). Rustic Releases: Vernacular Cinema and Partition Temporality in Lahore. Third Text, 31(2-3), 477-496.
The News International (2019) Retrieved from: https://www.thenews.com. pk/print/543629-
The Economist (2018) Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/ prospero/2018/04/25/the-fall-and-rise-of-pakistani-film
The Print (2020) Retrieved from: https://theprint.in/opinion/letter-from- pakistan/pakistanis-need-bollywood-films-not-ones-showing- kulbhushan-in-balochistan-sabotaging-cpec/350161/
The Economist (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/books- and-arts/2021/02/25/the-siege-of-bollywood
The Hollywood Reporter (2021) Retrieved from: https://www. hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/hollywood-and- china-what-now-1234955332/
The Guardian (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2021/mar/09/wandavision-pentagon-propaganda- marvel-disney-fbi
Variety (2021) Retrieved from: https://variety.com/2021/film/news/china- communist-party-100th-anniversary-propaganda-1234943360/
Youth: A study on University Students of Bangladesh. Published paper in Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Retrieved from: http:// www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol17- issue6/K01767780. pdf?id=8418
Smith, R., & Smith, L. (2018). Qualitative methods. In Research methods in human rights (pp. 70-93). Routledge.
Stockemer, D. (2019). Quantitative methods for the social sciences a practical introduction with examples in SPSS and Stata. by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
McKim, C. A. (2017). The value of mixed methods research: A mixed methods study. Journal of mixed methods research, 11(2), 202-222.
Arab News (2018) Retrieved from: https://www.arabnews.com/node/ 1292131/press-review
BBC News (2019) Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world- asia-47479747
Bell, E., Bryman, A., & Harley, B. (2022). Business research methods. Oxford university press.
Bilal, (2010). A. Filming Pakistan in Zero Budget.
Brannen, J. (2017). Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches: an overview. Mixing methods: Qualitative and quantitative research, 3-37.
Culture Trip (2019). Pakistani Cinema’s turbulent history. Retrieved from: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/pakistan/articles/lollywood- turbulent-history-of-pakistani- cinema/
CNN (2021) Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/05/06/media/ china-cinemas-propaganda-intl-hnk/index.html
Dawn., (2019). The Pakistan Film Industry and Cinema Culture. Retrieved from: https://www.dawn.com/news/591275
DW (2019) Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/en/whatever-happened-to- pakistans-film-industry/a-18681029
Dawn (2019) Retrieved from: https://www.dawn.com/news/1494676
Dawn (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.dawn.com/news/1628844/ government-creates-environment-cant-run-film-industry
Economist., (2018). The fall and rise of Pakistani film. Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/prospero/2018/04/25/the-fall- and-rise-of-pakistani-film
Express Tribune (2021) Retrieved from: https://tribune.com.pk/story/ 2291724/film-industry-a-soft-determinant-of-economic-growth
Emerge 85 (2018) Retrieved from: https://emerge85.io/Insights/rising-from-the-ashes-a-new-era-in-pakistani-cinema/
Edgar, T., & Kelly, K. (2007). Film school confidential: the insider’s guide to film schools. Penguin.
Evans, K., Stockley, S., Taylor, C., Brown, J., Rab, M., & Khan, S. (2014).
Mapping cultural and creative industries in Pakistan.
Gulf News (2018) Retrieved from: https://gulfnews.com/world/ asia/pakistan/power-to-pakistans-entertainment-industry- lollywood-1.1541940882356
Gul, I., & Sohail, J. (2018). Journey through lens: Pakistani cinema. Lok Virsa, National Institute of Folk & Traditional Heritage.
Z. 2018. What makes the revival of Pakistani Cinema an Uphill? Retrieved from: https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153991
Images Dawn (2021) Retrieved from: https://images.dawn.com/news/1186322
Images Dawn (2021) Retrieved from: https://images.dawn.com/news/1186789
IQNA (2021) Retrieved from: https://iqna.ir/en/news/3474868/stereotypes- of-muslims-in-hollywood-films-difficult-to-change-professor-of- film-studies
Images Dawn (2021) Retrieved from: https://images.dawn.com/news/1186322
Images Dawn (2021) Retrieved from: https://images.dawn.com/news/1186789
India Today (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/ celebrities/story/mahira-khan-opens-up-on-ban-on-pakistani- artistes-and-saying-no-to-indian-web-shows-1803412-2021-05-17
IQNA (2021) Retrieved from: https://iqna.ir/en/news/3474868/stereotypes- of-muslims-in-hollywood-films-difficult-to-change-professor-of- film-studies
Independent (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.independent.co.uk/arts- entertainment/films/news/chinese-cinema-communist-party- propaganda-hollywood-b1843571.html
Kellison, C., Morrow, D., & Morrow, K. (2013). Producing for TV and new media: a real- world approach for producers. Routledge.
Khan, A. W., Adnan, M., Hussain, S., & Tariq, M. (2015). Decline of film industry in Pakistan causes and future prospects. International Journal in IT & Engineering, 3(1), 1-22.
Khan, S. (2012). Soft power and Pakistani viewers. The Magic of Bollywood: At Home and Abroad.
Khan, M. M., & Mandokhail, M. A. The Broken Walls of Cinema: An Exploratory study of Cinema Halls in Quetta.
LA Times (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.latimes.com/entertainment- arts/movies/story/2020-10-30/trump-biden-election-movies- hollywood
Misbah. S., 2019. Retrieved from: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019- 08/07/c_138291203.html
Mohmand, M. I., & Naqvi, R. H. (2012). Pakistan’s Cultural Diplomacy with India.
Machin, D. (2013). What is multimodal critical discourse studies? Critical discourse studies, 10(4), 347-355.
Munir, I. (2011). Social movements, religion, democracy, and political communication in Pakistan.
Mahmood, I. (2013). Influence and importance of cinema on the lifestyle of educated youth: A study on university students of Bangladesh. IOSR journal of humanities and social science (IOSR- JHSS), 17(6), 77-80.
Masala (2020) Retrieved from: https://www.masala.com/bollywood-ban-in- pakistan-a-year-on-insiders-weigh-in-320356.html
Constitution Centre (2021) Retrieved from: https://constitutioncenter.org/ blog/the-day-the-supreme-court-killed-hollywoods-studio-system
New York Times (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/ 05/13/movies/democracy-dark-knight-wolf-wall-street.html
Op India (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.opindia.com/2021/06/aatish- taseer-claims-modi-govt-used-ssr-death-to-silence-bollywood
Samaa.T.V. (2020) Retrieved from: https://www.samaa.tv/entertainment/ 2020/03/the-rule-is-that-good-films-do-well-nadeem-baig/
Siddique, S. (2017). Rustic Releases: Vernacular Cinema and Partition Temporality in Lahore. Third Text, 31(2-3), 477-496.
The News International (2019) Retrieved from: https://www.thenews.com. pk/print/543629-
The Economist (2018) Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/ prospero/2018/04/25/the-fall-and-rise-of-pakistani-film
The Print (2020) Retrieved from: https://theprint.in/opinion/letter-from- pakistan/pakistanis-need-bollywood-films-not-ones-showing- kulbhushan-in-balochistan-sabotaging-cpec/350161/
The Economist (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/books- and-arts/2021/02/25/the-siege-of-bollywood
The Hollywood Reporter (2021) Retrieved from: https://www. hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/hollywood-and- china-what-now-1234955332/
The Guardian (2021) Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/ commentisfree/2021/mar/09/wandavision-pentagon-propaganda- marvel-disney-fbi
Variety (2021) Retrieved from: https://variety.com/2021/film/news/china- communist-party-100th-anniversary-propaganda-1234943360/
Youth: A study on University Students of Bangladesh. Published paper in Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Retrieved from: http:// www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol17- issue6/K01767780. pdf?id=8418
Smith, R., & Smith, L. (2018). Qualitative methods. In Research methods in human rights (pp. 70-93). Routledge.
Stockemer, D. (2019). Quantitative methods for the social sciences a practical introduction with examples in SPSS and Stata. by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
McKim, C. A. (2017). The value of mixed methods research: A mixed methods study. Journal of mixed methods research, 11(2), 202-222.
Published
2023-01-02
Section
Articles