CAREER ASSESSMENT IN PAKISTAN: CURRENT SCENARIO
Keywords:
Career Assessment, Personality Testing, Interest Inventory, Indigenous Career Theory
Abstract
Assessment in career counseling is an essential part because it helps counselors to identify individuals’ unique characteristics which assist in making educational or vocational decisions, having lifetime implications. Using interview technique, this article aimed at examining the existing practices of Pakistani career practitioners about their use of assessment tools with their counselee. Career counseling appears to be a neglected area as scant evidence can be found related to its development, particularly with regard to career practitioners’ training and development of assessment tools. Yet, some practitioners are fully aware of its importance and utilize psychometric assessment tools mostly for helping students for making academic or career related decisions. However, dependence on internationally developed theories in practice and research is a matter of concern. It indicates career assessment and career counseling at large needs policy makers’ and academicians’ attention to address the gaps through policy and indigenous theoretical framework.References
Alvarez, R., & Urla, J. (2002). Tell me a good story: Using narrative analysis to examine information requirements interviews during an ERP implementation. The DATABASE for Advances in information Systems, 33(1), 38-52.
Azhar, H. (January 01, 2019). The economy in 2019. The News. [Online]:https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/413356-the-economy-in-2019
Aziz, S. & Kamal, A. (2009). Development and Validation of Occupational Aspiration Scale for Adolescents. FWU Journal of Social Sciences,3 (2), 03- 24 https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/303272882
Bilal. A., & Malik. R.K. (2014). Career Counseling in Pakistan. Developing Country Studies 4 (16), 1-11. [Online]: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/DCS/article/download/14732/15091
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, (3)2, 77-101. [Online]:https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bruckner, M., LaFleur, M. & Pitterle, I. (2017). Frontier Issues. [Online]: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wpcontent/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017_Aug_Frontier-Issues-1.pdf
Carnegie Institute of Technology: Bureau of Personnel Research. (1920).Carnegie Interest Inventory. Pittsburgh, PA: Author.
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nded.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Crites, J. O., & Savickas, M. L. (1996). Revision of the Career Maturity Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 131-138.
Dar, I. S. (1982). Test development for vocational counseling in Pakistan:Problems and Issues. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 13, 25- 31.
Davis, J. B. (1914). Vocational and moral guidance. Boston, MA: Ginnand Company.
Dawis, R. V. (2002). Person-environment-correspondence theory. In D.Brown & Associate (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed.), 427–464). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Dawis, R. V. (2005). The Minnesota theory of work adjustment. In S. D.Brown & R. T. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling:Putting theory and research to work (3–23). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Dawis, R.V. & Lofquist, L.H. (1984). A Psychological Theory of Work Adjustment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Donnay, D. A. C.et al. (2005). Strong Interest Inventory manual. Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc.
Drever, E. (1995). Using semi-structured interviews in small-scale research. A teacher’s guide. Edinburgh: Scottish Council for Research in Education.
Eliason, G. T., et al. (2014). Issues in career development. Career development across the lifespan: Counseling for community, schools, higher education, and beyond. Charlotte, NC, US: IAP Information Age Publishing.
Etikan, I., Musa, S.A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Feller, R. (2013, March). The first conference of the national vocational guidance association: Roots of the national career development association # 2. Career Convergence: Web Magazine. [Online]:https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/pt/sd/news_article/69304/_self/CC_layout_details/true
Frey, B. (2018). The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation (Vols. 1-4). Thousand Oaks, CA:SAGE Publications, Inc. 10.4135/9781506326139
Gordon, L. V. (1967). Gordon Occupational Checklist. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gottfredson, G. D., & Holland, J. L. (1991). The Position Classification Inventory: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hansen, J.C. (1995). Interest Assessment. Eric Digest. [Online]https://www.counseling.org/resources/library/ERIC%20Digests95-13.pdf
Harrington, T. & Long, J. (2013). The History of Interest Inventories and Career Assessments in Career Counseling. The Career Development Quarterly. 61. 10.1002/j.2161-0045.2013.00039.x
Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. (2007). Guidelines for the establishment of a new university or an institution of higher education. [Online]: http://hec.gov.pk/english/services/universities/Documents/887_HEC2_Criteria_of_university_institutions.pdf
Holland, J. L., & Messer, M. A. (2013). Self-Directed Search- Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hussain, S., et al. (2014). Adaptation of Career Key into Urdu. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 29 (2), 187- 201.
Irwing, P., & Hughes, D. J. (2018). Test Development. In P. Irwing, T.Booth, & D. J. Hughes (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook of Psychometric Testing: A Multidisciplinary Reference on Survey, Scale and Test Development, V.I (4-47). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Jones, L. K. (2010). The Career Key Manual (2nd ed.). Hood River, OR:Career Key.
Kalim, R., & Lodhi, S. A. (2002). The knowledge-based economy: Trends and implications for Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review,41(4), 787–804.
Kamran, S. & Khalid, M. (2011). How Students Decide About Their Careers? A Case Study of Management Students of Textile Institute of Pakistan, Karachi. Journal of Independent Studies and Research-Management, Social Sciences and Economics 9,39-48. doi: 10.31384/jisrmsse/2011.09.2.4.
Khan, S. (1992). Translation and adaptation of a vocational interest inventory: aap ki dilchaspian. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 7 (3-4), 75-86. [Online] http://www.pjprnip.edu.pk/pjpr/index.php/pjpr/article/view/238/194
Khan, S. B. (2010). Need assessment on the provision of guidance services at high school level in Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research, 2(6), 483–486.
Khan, S., Anis-ul-Haque, M., & Anila. (1995). Development of Indigenous Job Knowledge Test. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 10 (1-4), 27- 37
Khan, H., Murtaza, F. & Shafa, M. D. (2012). Role of Teachers in Providing Educational and Career Counseling to Secondary School Students in Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 1 (2), 85-102.
Leung, S.A. (2008) The Big Five Career Theories. In Athanasou J.A., VanEsbroeck R. (eds) International Handbook of Career Guidance. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6230-8_6
Leung, S. A. (1995). Career counseling and development: A multicultural perspective. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C.M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling(549–566). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ministry of Planning Development & Reform. (1960). Second Five-Year Plan, 1960-1965. [Online]: http://www.irispunjab.gov.pk/StatisticalReport/Pakistan%20Government%20Plans/Five%20Year%20Plan/2nd%20Five%20Year%20Plan%201960-65.pdf
Ministry of Planning Development & Reform. (1967). Third Five Year Plan, 1967-1970. [Online]: http://www.irispunjab.gov.pk/StatisticalReport/Pakistan%20Government%20Plans/Five%20Year%20Plan/3rd%20Five%20Year%20Plan%201965-70.pdf
Nafees, M., et al. (2012). An investigation into missing component of guidance service in government high schools. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(4), 126-132.
Najam, A., & Bari, F. (2017). Pakistan National Human Development Report2017: Unleashing the Potential of a Young Pakistan. [Online]: https://www.aidsdatahub.org/sites/default/files/publication/UNDP_Pakistan_National_Human_Development_Report_2017.pdf
National Education Management Information System. (2018). Pakistan Education Statistics 2016-17. (Report No. 25). [Online]:http://library.aepam.edu.pk/Books/Pakistan%20Education%20Statistics%202016-17.pdf
National Career Development Association. (2009). Career Counseling Competencies. [Online]: https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/pt/sd/news_article/37798/_self/layout_ccmsearch/true
National University of Science and Technology. (2013). MS Career Counselling and Education. [Online]: http://www.nust.edu.pk/INSTITUTIONS/Schools/S3H/Academic/PG/Diploma-Career/Pages/default.aspx
Nauta, M. M. (2010). The development, evolution, and status of Holland’s theory of vocational personalities: Reflections and future directions for counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), 11-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018213
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. (2004). Career Guidance and Public Policy: Bridging the Gap. [Online]:http://www.oecd.org/education/innovationeducation/34050171.pdf
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2015). Pakistan Standard Classification of Occupations 2015. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan. [Online]:http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/PSCO_2015.pdf
Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vocation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Pope, M. (1997). History and Development of Career Counseling in the USA. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED439332.pdf
Qurrat-ul-Ain & Khatak, M. A. (2012). Need of Guidance and Counseling Services in Private Girls’ Secondary Schools in Peshawar City. City University Research Journal, (3). [Online]:http://www.cityuniversity.edu.pk/curj/Journals/Journal/July%202012/1%20(edu).pdf.
Saleem, N., et al. (2014). Career Selection: Role of Parent’s Profession, Mass Media and Personal Choice. Bulletin of Education &Research, 36(2), 25-37.
Siddiqua, N. (2017). Future Trends in Professional Education in the Middle-Class Society of Karachi. Bulletin of Education &Research, 39(2), 127-147.
Skill Development Council Karachi. (2020). Certificate in Career Counseling. [Online]: https://www.facebook.com/ 704156886436478/photos/a.715846825267484/1362545140597646/? type=3&theatre
Strong, E. K. (1927). The Vocational Interest Blank. Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
Super, D. E. (1955). Transition: From vocational guidance to counselling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2, 3-9.
Super, D. E., et al. (1957). Vocational development; a framework for research. Oxford, England: Bureau of Publications, Teachers Co.
Šverko, B. (2001). Life Roles and Values in International Perspective:Super’s Contribution through the Work Importance Study. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance,1,121–130. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016929016249
Tinsley, H. E., & Kass, R. A. (1979). The latent structure of the need satisfying properties of leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 11(4), 278.
Wasif, S. (2010). Inadequate career Counseling in schools. The Express Tribune. [Online]: https://tribune.com.pk/story/18298/inadequatecareer-Counseling-in-schools/
World Bank. (2018). Pakistan: Human Capital Index Rank 134 out of 157.[Online]: https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/hci/HCI_2pager_PAK.pdf
Yaqoob, U., et al. (2017). Career Counseling and its knowledge among high school students in Pakistan. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 4(7), 2261-2268.http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172817.
Zahid, G., Hooley, T., & Neary, S. (2019). Careers work in higher education in Pakistan: current practice and options for the future. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 1–11.doi:10.1080/03069885.2019.1576030.
Zhao, N. (2009). The minimum sample size in factor analysis. [Online]:https://www.encorewiki.org/display/*nzhao/The+Minimum+Sample+Size+in+Factor+Analysis.
Azhar, H. (January 01, 2019). The economy in 2019. The News. [Online]:https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/413356-the-economy-in-2019
Aziz, S. & Kamal, A. (2009). Development and Validation of Occupational Aspiration Scale for Adolescents. FWU Journal of Social Sciences,3 (2), 03- 24 https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/303272882
Bilal. A., & Malik. R.K. (2014). Career Counseling in Pakistan. Developing Country Studies 4 (16), 1-11. [Online]: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/DCS/article/download/14732/15091
Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, (3)2, 77-101. [Online]:https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bruckner, M., LaFleur, M. & Pitterle, I. (2017). Frontier Issues. [Online]: https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wpcontent/uploads/sites/45/publication/2017_Aug_Frontier-Issues-1.pdf
Carnegie Institute of Technology: Bureau of Personnel Research. (1920).Carnegie Interest Inventory. Pittsburgh, PA: Author.
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nded.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Crites, J. O., & Savickas, M. L. (1996). Revision of the Career Maturity Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 4, 131-138.
Dar, I. S. (1982). Test development for vocational counseling in Pakistan:Problems and Issues. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 13, 25- 31.
Davis, J. B. (1914). Vocational and moral guidance. Boston, MA: Ginnand Company.
Dawis, R. V. (2002). Person-environment-correspondence theory. In D.Brown & Associate (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed.), 427–464). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Dawis, R. V. (2005). The Minnesota theory of work adjustment. In S. D.Brown & R. T. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling:Putting theory and research to work (3–23). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Dawis, R.V. & Lofquist, L.H. (1984). A Psychological Theory of Work Adjustment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Donnay, D. A. C.et al. (2005). Strong Interest Inventory manual. Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc.
Drever, E. (1995). Using semi-structured interviews in small-scale research. A teacher’s guide. Edinburgh: Scottish Council for Research in Education.
Eliason, G. T., et al. (2014). Issues in career development. Career development across the lifespan: Counseling for community, schools, higher education, and beyond. Charlotte, NC, US: IAP Information Age Publishing.
Etikan, I., Musa, S.A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1-4. doi:10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
Feller, R. (2013, March). The first conference of the national vocational guidance association: Roots of the national career development association # 2. Career Convergence: Web Magazine. [Online]:https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/pt/sd/news_article/69304/_self/CC_layout_details/true
Frey, B. (2018). The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation (Vols. 1-4). Thousand Oaks, CA:SAGE Publications, Inc. 10.4135/9781506326139
Gordon, L. V. (1967). Gordon Occupational Checklist. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gottfredson, G. D., & Holland, J. L. (1991). The Position Classification Inventory: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hansen, J.C. (1995). Interest Assessment. Eric Digest. [Online]https://www.counseling.org/resources/library/ERIC%20Digests95-13.pdf
Harrington, T. & Long, J. (2013). The History of Interest Inventories and Career Assessments in Career Counseling. The Career Development Quarterly. 61. 10.1002/j.2161-0045.2013.00039.x
Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. (2007). Guidelines for the establishment of a new university or an institution of higher education. [Online]: http://hec.gov.pk/english/services/universities/Documents/887_HEC2_Criteria_of_university_institutions.pdf
Holland, J. L., & Messer, M. A. (2013). Self-Directed Search- Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hussain, S., et al. (2014). Adaptation of Career Key into Urdu. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 29 (2), 187- 201.
Irwing, P., & Hughes, D. J. (2018). Test Development. In P. Irwing, T.Booth, & D. J. Hughes (Eds.), The Wiley Handbook of Psychometric Testing: A Multidisciplinary Reference on Survey, Scale and Test Development, V.I (4-47). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Jones, L. K. (2010). The Career Key Manual (2nd ed.). Hood River, OR:Career Key.
Kalim, R., & Lodhi, S. A. (2002). The knowledge-based economy: Trends and implications for Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review,41(4), 787–804.
Kamran, S. & Khalid, M. (2011). How Students Decide About Their Careers? A Case Study of Management Students of Textile Institute of Pakistan, Karachi. Journal of Independent Studies and Research-Management, Social Sciences and Economics 9,39-48. doi: 10.31384/jisrmsse/2011.09.2.4.
Khan, S. (1992). Translation and adaptation of a vocational interest inventory: aap ki dilchaspian. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 7 (3-4), 75-86. [Online] http://www.pjprnip.edu.pk/pjpr/index.php/pjpr/article/view/238/194
Khan, S. B. (2010). Need assessment on the provision of guidance services at high school level in Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research, 2(6), 483–486.
Khan, S., Anis-ul-Haque, M., & Anila. (1995). Development of Indigenous Job Knowledge Test. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 10 (1-4), 27- 37
Khan, H., Murtaza, F. & Shafa, M. D. (2012). Role of Teachers in Providing Educational and Career Counseling to Secondary School Students in Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 1 (2), 85-102.
Leung, S.A. (2008) The Big Five Career Theories. In Athanasou J.A., VanEsbroeck R. (eds) International Handbook of Career Guidance. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6230-8_6
Leung, S. A. (1995). Career counseling and development: A multicultural perspective. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C.M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling(549–566). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Ministry of Planning Development & Reform. (1960). Second Five-Year Plan, 1960-1965. [Online]: http://www.irispunjab.gov.pk/StatisticalReport/Pakistan%20Government%20Plans/Five%20Year%20Plan/2nd%20Five%20Year%20Plan%201960-65.pdf
Ministry of Planning Development & Reform. (1967). Third Five Year Plan, 1967-1970. [Online]: http://www.irispunjab.gov.pk/StatisticalReport/Pakistan%20Government%20Plans/Five%20Year%20Plan/3rd%20Five%20Year%20Plan%201965-70.pdf
Nafees, M., et al. (2012). An investigation into missing component of guidance service in government high schools. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(4), 126-132.
Najam, A., & Bari, F. (2017). Pakistan National Human Development Report2017: Unleashing the Potential of a Young Pakistan. [Online]: https://www.aidsdatahub.org/sites/default/files/publication/UNDP_Pakistan_National_Human_Development_Report_2017.pdf
National Education Management Information System. (2018). Pakistan Education Statistics 2016-17. (Report No. 25). [Online]:http://library.aepam.edu.pk/Books/Pakistan%20Education%20Statistics%202016-17.pdf
National Career Development Association. (2009). Career Counseling Competencies. [Online]: https://www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/pt/sd/news_article/37798/_self/layout_ccmsearch/true
National University of Science and Technology. (2013). MS Career Counselling and Education. [Online]: http://www.nust.edu.pk/INSTITUTIONS/Schools/S3H/Academic/PG/Diploma-Career/Pages/default.aspx
Nauta, M. M. (2010). The development, evolution, and status of Holland’s theory of vocational personalities: Reflections and future directions for counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), 11-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018213
Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. (2004). Career Guidance and Public Policy: Bridging the Gap. [Online]:http://www.oecd.org/education/innovationeducation/34050171.pdf
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. (2015). Pakistan Standard Classification of Occupations 2015. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan. [Online]:http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/PSCO_2015.pdf
Parsons, F. (1909). Choosing a vocation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Pope, M. (1997). History and Development of Career Counseling in the USA. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED439332.pdf
Qurrat-ul-Ain & Khatak, M. A. (2012). Need of Guidance and Counseling Services in Private Girls’ Secondary Schools in Peshawar City. City University Research Journal, (3). [Online]:http://www.cityuniversity.edu.pk/curj/Journals/Journal/July%202012/1%20(edu).pdf.
Saleem, N., et al. (2014). Career Selection: Role of Parent’s Profession, Mass Media and Personal Choice. Bulletin of Education &Research, 36(2), 25-37.
Siddiqua, N. (2017). Future Trends in Professional Education in the Middle-Class Society of Karachi. Bulletin of Education &Research, 39(2), 127-147.
Skill Development Council Karachi. (2020). Certificate in Career Counseling. [Online]: https://www.facebook.com/ 704156886436478/photos/a.715846825267484/1362545140597646/? type=3&theatre
Strong, E. K. (1927). The Vocational Interest Blank. Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
Super, D. E. (1955). Transition: From vocational guidance to counselling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2, 3-9.
Super, D. E., et al. (1957). Vocational development; a framework for research. Oxford, England: Bureau of Publications, Teachers Co.
Šverko, B. (2001). Life Roles and Values in International Perspective:Super’s Contribution through the Work Importance Study. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance,1,121–130. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016929016249
Tinsley, H. E., & Kass, R. A. (1979). The latent structure of the need satisfying properties of leisure activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 11(4), 278.
Wasif, S. (2010). Inadequate career Counseling in schools. The Express Tribune. [Online]: https://tribune.com.pk/story/18298/inadequatecareer-Counseling-in-schools/
World Bank. (2018). Pakistan: Human Capital Index Rank 134 out of 157.[Online]: https://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/hci/HCI_2pager_PAK.pdf
Yaqoob, U., et al. (2017). Career Counseling and its knowledge among high school students in Pakistan. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 4(7), 2261-2268.http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172817.
Zahid, G., Hooley, T., & Neary, S. (2019). Careers work in higher education in Pakistan: current practice and options for the future. British Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 1–11.doi:10.1080/03069885.2019.1576030.
Zhao, N. (2009). The minimum sample size in factor analysis. [Online]:https://www.encorewiki.org/display/*nzhao/The+Minimum+Sample+Size+in+Factor+Analysis.
Published
2020-07-01
Section
Articles
