INNOVATIVENESS ON OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENT LEVEL FIRMS (GLCS). MODERATING ROLE OF TOP MANAGEMENT SUPPORT
Keywords:
Corporate Entrepreneurship, GLCs, Top Management Support, SMART-PLS, Pakistan
Abstract
Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) is the topic of interest in the field of management sciences since long time. Although most of the studies are done in the context of western world and very few of these have investigated the impact with respect of GLCs. In fact the elements indicated by initial studies Covin and Slevin (1991) are not investigated properly in the context of Asian countries. However, the construct of CE for private sector companies overlaps with government sector and innovation is one of the initial variables of CE which is till inconclusive with respect to results and its significance (Bierwerth et al., 2015). Therefore, CE by GLCs might produce worthwhile effects on organization as well as on economy hence there is a need to investigate impact of innovation on performance of GLCs. The purpose of this study is to explore the innovation with respect to products and technologies of GLCs (i.e. innovativeness) on operational performance. SMRT PLS has been used for analysis and sample size was of 150 and results indicated that innovativeness is treated as one of the most impactful variables of CE for operational performance of GLCs of Pakistan.References
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Ambad, S. N. A., & Wahab, K. A. (2016). The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and firm performance: evidence from Malaysian large companies. International Journal of Business and Society, 17(2), 259-280.
Andreev, P., Heart, T., Maoz, H., & Pliskin, N. (2009). Validating formative partial least squares (PLS) models: methodological review and empirical illustration. ICIS 2009 proceedings, 193
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Ayob, M. (2005). Optimisation of surface mount device placement machine in printed circuit board assembly (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham).
Banda, P. & Kazonga, E. (2018). The Effect of Public Sector Corporate Entrepreneurship on Organizational Performance in the Health Sector: A Case of Selected Public Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia.IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 20(4), 8-18.
Benitez, J., Henseler, J., Castillo, A., & Schuberth, F. (2020). How to perform and report an impactful analysis using partial least squares: Guidelines for confirmatory and explanatory IS research. Information & Management, 57(2), 103-168.
Bierwerth, M., Schwens, C., Isidor, R., & Kabst, R. (2015). Corporate entrepreneurship and performance: A meta-analysis. Small Business Economics, 45(2), 255-278.
Carter, S., & Jones-Evans, D. (Eds.). (2006). Enterprise and small business: Principles, practice and policy. Pearson Education
Cheah, J. H., Memon, M. A., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Ramayah, T. (2018).Assessing reflective models in marketing research: A comparison between PLS and PLSC estimates. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(1), 139-163.
Cheung, C. M., & Lee, M. K. (2010). A theoretical model of intentional social action in online social networks. Decision support systems, 49(1), 24-30.
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Duarte, P., & Amaro, S. (2018). Methods for modelling reflective formative second order constructs in PLS. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 9(3), 295-313. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-09-2017-0092.
Edwards, P. K., O’Mahoney, J., & Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2014). Studying organizations using critical realism: A practical guide. OUP Oxford.
Entebang, H., & Harrison, R. T. (2019). Corporate Entrepreneurship Performance: Findings From Government-Linked Companies in Malaysia. Journal of Public Administration and Governance,9(4), 248-264.
George, G., Kotha, R., Parikh, P., Alnuaimi, T., & Bahaj, A. S. (2016).Social structure, reasonable gain, and entrepreneurship in Africa. Strategic Management Journal, 37(6), 1118-1131.
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Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 40(3), 414-433.
Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
Harrison, R. J. (2019). Pluralism and corporatism: The political evolution of modern democracies (Vol. 27). Routledge.
Heavey, C., & Simsek, Z. (2013). Top management compositional effects on corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating role of perceived technological uncertainty. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(5), 837-855.
Henseler, J., Dijkstra, T. K., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Diamantopoulos,A., Straub, D. W., & Calantone, R. J. (2014). Common beliefs and reality about PLS: Comments on Ronkko and Evermann(2013). Organizational research methods, 17(2), 182-2.
Hwang, H., Malhotra, N. K., Kim, Y., Tomiuk, M. A., & Hong, S. (2010).A comparative study on parameter recovery of three approaches to structural equation modeling. Journal of Marketing Research,47(4), 699-712.
Iftikhar, M. N. (2015). State-owned enterprises in Pakistan: The need for corporate governance and private investment. Prime Institute, Islamabad.
Ikenna, E., Julius, T. & Ursula Ngozi, E. (2017). Effects of Corporate Entrepreneurship in the Performance of Selected Banks in Nigeria, International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research. 2(4), 3068-3092.
Ireland, R. D., Kuratko, D. F., & Morris, M. H. (2006). A health audit for corporate entrepreneurship: innovation at all levels: partII. Journal of Business Strategy, 27(2), 21-30.
Jimenez-Jimenez, D., & Sanz-Valle, R. (2011). Innovation, organization all earning, and performance. Journal of Business Research, 64(4),408-417
Kanter, R. M. (1984). Change masters. innovations and Interpreneurship in the American corporations. New York: Simon and Schuster
Karacaoglu, K., Bayrakdaroglu, A., & San, F. B. (2013). The impact of corporate entrepreneurship on firms’ financial performance: Evidence from Istanbul Stock Exchange Firms. International Business Research, 6(1), 163-175.
Kearney, C., Hisrich, R., & Roche, F. (2008). A conceptual model of public sector corporate entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(3), 295-313.
Knox, S. (2002). The boardroom agenda: developing the innovative organisation. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 2(1), 27-36.
Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLSSEM: The inverse square root and gamma-exponential methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227-261.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International. Kraus, S. (2013). The role of entrepreneurial orientation in service firms:empirical evidence from Austria. The Service Industries Journal, 33(5), 427-444.
Kraus, S., Rigtering, J. C., Hughes, M., & Hosman, V. (2012).Entrepreneurial orientation and the business performance of SMEs: a quantitative study from the Netherlands. Review of Managerial Science, 6(2), 161-182.
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La Nafie, N., Nimran, U., Al Musadieq, M., & Suyadi, I. (2014).Organizational internal factors, corporate entrepreneurship, and organizational performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(36), 83-97.
Long, H. (2014). An empirical review of research methodologies and methods in creativity studies (2003–2012). Creativity Research Journal, 26(4), 427-438.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
MacMillan, I. C., Block, Z., & Narasimha, P. S. (1984). Obstacles and Experiences in Corporate Ventures. New York University, Center for Entrepreneurial Studies.
Moghaddam, J. Y., Khorakian, A., & Maharati, Y. (2015). Organizational Entrepreneurship and its Impact on the Performance of Governmental Organizations in the City of Mashhad. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 169(20), 75-87.
Moige, G. B., Mukulu, E., & Orwa, G. (2016). Effect of corporate entrepreneurship on performance of food fortification companies in Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(3), 95-108.
Nayyar, J. (2017). How Corporate Entrepreneurship Can Enhance Organizational Performance in Public Universities of Pakistan? International Journal of Science and Research, 6(2), 2038-2050.
Nayyar, J., & Mahmood, R. (2014). The effect of corporate entrepreneurship determinants on performance of public higher education institutions in Pakistan. Business & Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(1), 19-31.
Ozdemirci, A. (2011). Corporate entrepreneurship and strategy process: A performance based research on Istanbul market. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 611-626.
Peters, T. J., & Waterman Jr, R. H. (1982). In Search of. Of Excellence, New York: Harper and Row.
Phan, P. H., Wright, M., Ucbasaran, D., & Tan, W. L. (2009). Corporate entrepreneurship: Current research and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), 197-205.
Ravand, H., & Baghaei, P. (2016). Partial least squares structural equation modeling with R. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 21(1), 1-16
Sareen, S. (2020). COVID-19 and Pakistan: The Economic Fallout, ORF Occasional Papers, https://www.orfonline.org/research/covid19-and-pakistan-the-economic-fallout-67296/
Saunders, M. N. K., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., & Bristow, A. (2015).Understanding research philosophies and approaches: Research methods for business students
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students (6. utg.). Harlow: Pearson.
Schollhammer, H. (1982). Internal corporate entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, 209, 223.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
Sebora, T. C., & Theerapatvong, T. (2010). Corporate entrepreneurship: Atest of external and internal influences on managers’ idea generation, risk taking, and proactiveness. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 331-350.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Sijtsma, K. (2009a). Reliability beyond theory and into practice. Psychometrika, 74(1), 1.
Sijtsma, K. (2009b). Correcting fallacies in validity, reliability, and classification. International Journal of Testing, 9(3), 167-194.
Sileyew, K. J. (2019). Research Design and Methodology. In Text Mining-Analysis, Programming and Application. Intech Open,https://www.intechopen.com/books/cyberspace/research-designand-methodology
Simsek, Z., & Heavey, C. (2011). The mediating role of knowledge
Adeoti, J. O., & Asabi, M. O. (2018). Analysis of Dimensions of Corporate Entrepreneurship and Organizational Performance in Nigeria. Amity Journal of Entrepreneurship, 3(2),1-11.
Afthanorhan, W. M. A. B. W. (2014). Hierarchical component using reflective-formative measurement model in partial least square structural equation modeling (Pls-Sem). International Journal of Mathematics, 2(2), 33-49.
Ahmed, P., & Shepherd, C. D. (2010). Innovation management: Context, strategies, systems and processes. Pearson.
Ambad, S. N. A., & Wahab, K. A. (2016). The relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and firm performance: evidence from Malaysian large companies. International Journal of Business and Society, 17(2), 259-280.
Andreev, P., Heart, T., Maoz, H., & Pliskin, N. (2009). Validating formative partial least squares (PLS) models: methodological review and empirical illustration. ICIS 2009 proceedings, 193
Antoncic, B., & Hisrich, R. D. (2004). Corporate entrepreneurship contingencies and organizational wealth creation. Journal of management development, 23(6), 518-550.
Ayob, M. (2005). Optimisation of surface mount device placement machine in printed circuit board assembly (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham).
Banda, P. & Kazonga, E. (2018). The Effect of Public Sector Corporate Entrepreneurship on Organizational Performance in the Health Sector: A Case of Selected Public Hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia.IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 20(4), 8-18.
Benitez, J., Henseler, J., Castillo, A., & Schuberth, F. (2020). How to perform and report an impactful analysis using partial least squares: Guidelines for confirmatory and explanatory IS research. Information & Management, 57(2), 103-168.
Bierwerth, M., Schwens, C., Isidor, R., & Kabst, R. (2015). Corporate entrepreneurship and performance: A meta-analysis. Small Business Economics, 45(2), 255-278.
Carter, S., & Jones-Evans, D. (Eds.). (2006). Enterprise and small business: Principles, practice and policy. Pearson Education
Cheah, J. H., Memon, M. A., Chuah, F., Ting, H., & Ramayah, T. (2018).Assessing reflective models in marketing research: A comparison between PLS and PLSC estimates. International Journal of Business and Society, 19(1), 139-163.
Cheung, C. M., & Lee, M. K. (2010). A theoretical model of intentional social action in online social networks. Decision support systems, 49(1), 24-30.
Coulthard, M. (2007). The role of entrepreneurial orientation on firm performance and the potential influence of relational dynamism (pp. 1327-5216). Monash University Faculty of Business and Economics.
Covin, J. G., & Slevin, D. P. (1991). A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 16(1), 7-2.
Currie, G., Humphreys, M., Ucbasaran, D., & McManus, S. (2008). Entrepreneurial leadership in the English public sector: paradox or possibility?. Public Administration, 86(4), 987-1008.
de Gialdino, I. V. (2009, May). Los fundamentos ontologicos yepistemologicos de la investigacion cualitativa. In Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 10(2).
de Lurdes Calisto, M., & Sarkar, S. (2017). Organizations as biomes of entrepreneurial life: Towards a clarification of the corporate entrepreneurship process. Journal of Business Research, 70, 44-54.
Dess, G. G., Ireland, R. D., Zahra, S. A., Floyd, S. W., Janney, J. J., &Lane, P. J. (2003). Emerging issues in corporate entrepreneurship. Journal of Management, 29(3), 351-378.
Diefenbach, F. E. (2011). Private Sector Corporate Entrepreneurship. In Entrepreneurship in the Public Sector (pp. 9-30). Gable.
Duarte, P., & Amaro, S. (2018). Methods for modelling reflective formative second order constructs in PLS. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 9(3), 295-313. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-09-2017-0092.
Edwards, P. K., O’Mahoney, J., & Vincent, S. (Eds.). (2014). Studying organizations using critical realism: A practical guide. OUP Oxford.
Entebang, H., & Harrison, R. T. (2019). Corporate Entrepreneurship Performance: Findings From Government-Linked Companies in Malaysia. Journal of Public Administration and Governance,9(4), 248-264.
George, G., Kotha, R., Parikh, P., Alnuaimi, T., & Bahaj, A. S. (2016).Social structure, reasonable gain, and entrepreneurship in Africa. Strategic Management Journal, 37(6), 1118-1131.
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primeron partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLSSEM).Sage publications.
Hair Jr, J. F., Ringle, C., Sarstedt, M., & Gudergan, S. P. (2017). Advanced issues in partial least square structural equation modeling. SAGE Publications.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 40(3), 414-433.
Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152.
Harrison, R. J. (2019). Pluralism and corporatism: The political evolution of modern democracies (Vol. 27). Routledge.
Heavey, C., & Simsek, Z. (2013). Top management compositional effects on corporate entrepreneurship: The moderating role of perceived technological uncertainty. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 30(5), 837-855.
Henseler, J., Dijkstra, T. K., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., Diamantopoulos,A., Straub, D. W., & Calantone, R. J. (2014). Common beliefs and reality about PLS: Comments on Ronkko and Evermann(2013). Organizational research methods, 17(2), 182-2.
Hwang, H., Malhotra, N. K., Kim, Y., Tomiuk, M. A., & Hong, S. (2010).A comparative study on parameter recovery of three approaches to structural equation modeling. Journal of Marketing Research,47(4), 699-712.
Iftikhar, M. N. (2015). State-owned enterprises in Pakistan: The need for corporate governance and private investment. Prime Institute, Islamabad.
Ikenna, E., Julius, T. & Ursula Ngozi, E. (2017). Effects of Corporate Entrepreneurship in the Performance of Selected Banks in Nigeria, International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research. 2(4), 3068-3092.
Ireland, R. D., Kuratko, D. F., & Morris, M. H. (2006). A health audit for corporate entrepreneurship: innovation at all levels: partII. Journal of Business Strategy, 27(2), 21-30.
Jimenez-Jimenez, D., & Sanz-Valle, R. (2011). Innovation, organization all earning, and performance. Journal of Business Research, 64(4),408-417
Kanter, R. M. (1984). Change masters. innovations and Interpreneurship in the American corporations. New York: Simon and Schuster
Karacaoglu, K., Bayrakdaroglu, A., & San, F. B. (2013). The impact of corporate entrepreneurship on firms’ financial performance: Evidence from Istanbul Stock Exchange Firms. International Business Research, 6(1), 163-175.
Kearney, C., Hisrich, R., & Roche, F. (2008). A conceptual model of public sector corporate entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(3), 295-313.
Knox, S. (2002). The boardroom agenda: developing the innovative organisation. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 2(1), 27-36.
Kock, N., & Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum sample size estimation in PLSSEM: The inverse square root and gamma-exponential methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227-261.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International. Kraus, S. (2013). The role of entrepreneurial orientation in service firms:empirical evidence from Austria. The Service Industries Journal, 33(5), 427-444.
Kraus, S., Rigtering, J. C., Hughes, M., & Hosman, V. (2012).Entrepreneurial orientation and the business performance of SMEs: a quantitative study from the Netherlands. Review of Managerial Science, 6(2), 161-182.
Kuratko, D. F., Morris, M. H., & Covin, J. G. (2011). Corporate innovation and entrepreneurship. South-Western Cengage LearningAustralia, United States.
La Nafie, N., Nimran, U., Al Musadieq, M., & Suyadi, I. (2014).Organizational internal factors, corporate entrepreneurship, and organizational performance. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(36), 83-97.
Long, H. (2014). An empirical review of research methodologies and methods in creativity studies (2003–2012). Creativity Research Journal, 26(4), 427-438.
Lumpkin, G. T., & Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance. Academy of management Review, 21(1), 135-172.
MacMillan, I. C., Block, Z., & Narasimha, P. S. (1984). Obstacles and Experiences in Corporate Ventures. New York University, Center for Entrepreneurial Studies.
Moghaddam, J. Y., Khorakian, A., & Maharati, Y. (2015). Organizational Entrepreneurship and its Impact on the Performance of Governmental Organizations in the City of Mashhad. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 169(20), 75-87.
Moige, G. B., Mukulu, E., & Orwa, G. (2016). Effect of corporate entrepreneurship on performance of food fortification companies in Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(3), 95-108.
Nayyar, J. (2017). How Corporate Entrepreneurship Can Enhance Organizational Performance in Public Universities of Pakistan? International Journal of Science and Research, 6(2), 2038-2050.
Nayyar, J., & Mahmood, R. (2014). The effect of corporate entrepreneurship determinants on performance of public higher education institutions in Pakistan. Business & Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(1), 19-31.
Ozdemirci, A. (2011). Corporate entrepreneurship and strategy process: A performance based research on Istanbul market. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24, 611-626.
Peters, T. J., & Waterman Jr, R. H. (1982). In Search of. Of Excellence, New York: Harper and Row.
Phan, P. H., Wright, M., Ucbasaran, D., & Tan, W. L. (2009). Corporate entrepreneurship: Current research and future directions. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(3), 197-205.
Ravand, H., & Baghaei, P. (2016). Partial least squares structural equation modeling with R. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 21(1), 1-16
Sareen, S. (2020). COVID-19 and Pakistan: The Economic Fallout, ORF Occasional Papers, https://www.orfonline.org/research/covid19-and-pakistan-the-economic-fallout-67296/
Saunders, M. N. K., Lewis, P., Thornhill, A., & Bristow, A. (2015).Understanding research philosophies and approaches: Research methods for business students
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students (6. utg.). Harlow: Pearson.
Schollhammer, H. (1982). Internal corporate entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of entrepreneurship, 209, 223.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Psychology Press.
Sebora, T. C., & Theerapatvong, T. (2010). Corporate entrepreneurship: Atest of external and internal influences on managers’ idea generation, risk taking, and proactiveness. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6(3), 331-350.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Sijtsma, K. (2009a). Reliability beyond theory and into practice. Psychometrika, 74(1), 1.
Sijtsma, K. (2009b). Correcting fallacies in validity, reliability, and classification. International Journal of Testing, 9(3), 167-194.
Sileyew, K. J. (2019). Research Design and Methodology. In Text Mining-Analysis, Programming and Application. Intech Open,https://www.intechopen.com/books/cyberspace/research-designand-methodology
Simsek, Z., & Heavey, C. (2011). The mediating role of knowledge
Published
2020-07-01
Section
Articles
