AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF IRANIAN PRESS (1979-2004)
Keywords:
Iranian Press, Islamic Revolutionary Movement, Iran-Iraq War, Press Law of 1985, President Khatami’s Era, Ban on PressAbstract
This research paper includes an analytical study of Iranian Press that covers 25 years, from 1979 to 2004. This period is very important in Iranian press history because of fast and unexpected happening of sociocultural and political events such as fall of Shah’s Empire, emergence of Islamic republic regime, Iran- Iraq’s eight years long war and its reconstruction era, presidential elections of 1997, the Press Law of 1985 and then Amendment to it in July 1999 following ban on press publications. The content analysis of qualitative research method was applied in this research paper. The contents of some selected newspapers were also considered as patterns of Iranian press including Kayhan (International), Tehran Times, Ettalaat, Enthekhab, Hamshari, Iran Daily, Salam, Akhbar-e-Eghtesad, Asre- Azadegan, Zan, Sobh-e-Emrooz and Neshat. Iranian Press Law of 1985 was the second Press Law in post Islamic Revolution period, ratified on March 19, 1986 and executed on January 31, 1987. It was drafted to define responsibilities on press, its rights, and formatting a Supervisory Board of Press. As it was made during the period of Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988), it caused restrictions on Press Freedom due to security issues. Mohammad Khatami became the president of Iran in May 1997 that led 226 publications to receive their licenses during 1997.The new Parliament amended the Press Law in July 1999. This amendment and its implementation caused the ban on publications and at least 13 newspapers within one week of April 2000 were closed. This ban continued till following year and 44 other publications were also closed. In 1999, press closures were clearly factional and linked with the publication support for the reformists, such as “Salam, Neshat and Khordad, later Zan and Hoviat-e-Khish.” Thus, the establishment of Association for Iranian Journalists (AIJ) and Iranian Women Journalists Association (ROZA) are the most important and positive efforts of Iranian Press in this period.References
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Bahrampour, A. (2002). A comparative review on publication of the press:
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Solutions, Rasaneh, 11(3), 29.
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Mahdi, J. K. (2000). The Publication of Persian Magazines in Europe
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Masoomeh, K. (1992). Women publications of Iran; Overview, Kalak, 34,
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McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of
mass media. Public opinion quarterly, 36(2), 176-187.
Mohsenian-Rad, M. (2006). Iran in four communication galaxies.
Revolution, Press, and Values, Iran: H&S Media.
Minoo, B.D. (1992). Study of Administrative, Specialized and Educational
Problems of Iranian Press, The Book of Rasaneh- Papers on First
seminar on Study of Problems of Iranian Guidance, Tehran:
Research & Media Centre.
Naderan, E., & Abdoli, G. (2001). The Place of Press in Iranian
Consuming Basket, Rasaneh, 12(1), 77-78.
Nemati-Aghdam, K. (2002). Study of Press Rights in Iran, Rasaneh, 13(1), 84.
Pour Yavari, F. (1990). Iranian Photojournalism, Dunya-e-Sukhan, 36(1), 9-10.
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press-law
Qasemi, F. (2001). Iranian Press in Twentieth Century. Tehran: Gheseh.
Reza, A.H. (1999). Contemporary Printing; A Possible Phenomenon of
Electronic Era. Rasaneh, 10(3), 74-75/ 80-89.
Sadr, R. (2002). Panzdah S?l b? Tanz [Fifteen years with satire]. Tehran:
Hermes.
Sadr, R. (2002). Bist S?l b? Tanz [Twenty years with satire]. Tehran:
Hermes.
Sharif, M. (1998). Can We Limit Press More than Year 1985? - Speech by
Zahra Baba Miri, Rasaneh, 9(3), 82.
White, D.M. (1993). The gatekeeper: a case analysis in news selection.
Journalism: issues, theories and “stories, 2, 142-151.
Revolution, Rasaneh, 9(1), 109-110.
Ansari-Lari, M. (1996). Press Supervision in Iranian Law, Tehran: Soroush.
Asadi, A. (1992). Difficulties of Press in Iran, The Book of Rasaneh -
Papers on First seminar on Study of Problems of Iranian
Guidance, Tehran: Research & Media Centre.
Bahrampour, S. (2005). Press in Reforms Era: Challenges and
Developments, Tehran: Centre for Media Studies and Research.
Bahrampour, A. (2002). A comparative review on publication of the press:
After the Islamic revolution, Rasaneh, 12(4), 82-93.
Bahrampour, S. (2001a). The Problems of Iranian Press and its Proposed
Solutions, Rasaneh, 11(3), 29.
Bahrampour, S. (2001b). Concerns and problems of the Iranian press,
Aftab (9), 40-47.
Fareeba, K. (2001). Evaluation of Status of Literary Publications in Iran,
Rasaneh, 12(2), 120.
ICCPR. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
United Nations Human Rights- Office of the High Commissioner,
Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/
Pages/CCPR.aspx
Kayhan. (29 April, 2000). Verbatim from Press Law and Executive By-
Law of the Press Law, Office for Media studies and development,
Ministry of Culture & Islamic Guidance, Press & information
Deputy Office, Tehran, Iran.
Kazim, M. (1998). Legal Matters of Press Freedom, Rasaneh, 9(2), 40-
141/26-27.
Lippmann, W. (1922). The world outside and the pictures in our
heads. Public opinion, 4, 1-22.
Mahdi, J. K. (2000). The Publication of Persian Magazines in Europe
during 1978-1999; an Outlook, Rasaneh, 11(1), 93-94.
Masoomeh, K. (1992). Women publications of Iran; Overview, Kalak, 34,
87-88.
McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1993). The evolution of agenda-setting
research: Twenty-five years in the marketplace of ideas. Journal
of Communication, 43(2), 58-67.
McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of
mass media. Public opinion quarterly, 36(2), 176-187.
Mohsenian-Rad, M. (2006). Iran in four communication galaxies.
Revolution, Press, and Values, Iran: H&S Media.
Minoo, B.D. (1992). Study of Administrative, Specialized and Educational
Problems of Iranian Press, The Book of Rasaneh- Papers on First
seminar on Study of Problems of Iranian Guidance, Tehran:
Research & Media Centre.
Naderan, E., & Abdoli, G. (2001). The Place of Press in Iranian
Consuming Basket, Rasaneh, 12(1), 77-78.
Nemati-Aghdam, K. (2002). Study of Press Rights in Iran, Rasaneh, 13(1), 84.
Pour Yavari, F. (1990). Iranian Photojournalism, Dunya-e-Sukhan, 36(1), 9-10.
Press Law. (1999). Iran Data Portal. Retrieved from http://irandataportal.syr.edu/
press-law
Qasemi, F. (2001). Iranian Press in Twentieth Century. Tehran: Gheseh.
Reza, A.H. (1999). Contemporary Printing; A Possible Phenomenon of
Electronic Era. Rasaneh, 10(3), 74-75/ 80-89.
Sadr, R. (2002). Panzdah S?l b? Tanz [Fifteen years with satire]. Tehran:
Hermes.
Sadr, R. (2002). Bist S?l b? Tanz [Twenty years with satire]. Tehran:
Hermes.
Sharif, M. (1998). Can We Limit Press More than Year 1985? - Speech by
Zahra Baba Miri, Rasaneh, 9(3), 82.
White, D.M. (1993). The gatekeeper: a case analysis in news selection.
Journalism: issues, theories and “stories, 2, 142-151.
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2019-01-13
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